摘要
1945年,苏联政府为了打破美国的核垄断制定并实施了核武器研制计划,而且将尽快研制出原子弹视为其最高政治任务。在核计划实施过程中,苏联政府依赖举国体制和行政动员,对人员健康和环境保护重视不够,在多项技术尚不成熟的情况下匆匆上马,虽然在短时间内研制出了原子弹,但也付出了较为沉重的环境代价。最早造成核污染的是位于乌拉尔的首座钚-239生产厂——817综合厂,1957年,该厂核废料储罐爆炸引发的克什特姆核事故后果极其严重。核事故发生后,苏联政府通过建立辐射安全制度、综合治理捷洽河、清除放射性污染物、紧急疏散民众等治理举措,阻止了污染危害进一步扩大,并为核污染治理积累了宝贵经验。
In 1945,the Soviet government formulated and implemented a nuclear weapons development program to break the U.S.nuclear monopoly,and regarded the development of the atomic bomb as its highest political task.During the implementation of the nuclear program,the Soviet government,on the one hand,relied on the“national system”and administrative mobilization,and hurriedly started the program before all the technologies were mature,and although the atomic bomb was developed in a short period of time,the health of the personnel and environmental protection were neglected,resulting in irreversible social and environmental losses.The main cause of nuclear contamination in the nuclear program was the 817 Complex,the first plutonium-239 production plant in the Soviet Union,and the Kshtem nuclear accident caused by the explosion of the plant's waste storage tanks in 1957 was extremely serious.On the other hand,the Soviet government prevented further expansion of the contamination hazard and accumulated valuable experience for nuclear pollution control by establishing a radiation safety system,comprehensive management of the Jecha River,and comprehensive mobilization in response to the Kshtem nuclear accident.
作者
张广翔
师成
ZHANG Guang-xiang;SHI Cheng
出处
《吉林大学社会科学学报》
北大核心
2023年第3期179-191,239,共14页
Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(15ZDB064)。
