摘要
Since its commercialization in 1991,lithium-ion batteries have had wide applications.High energy density and low cost are leading goals for lithium batteries.Compared with the traditional intercalation-type lithium-ion battery,conversion-type lithium metal battery undergoes multi-electron reactions,offering a much higher capacity and 2–5 times higher energy density(Fig.1).Moreover,their cathodes can have sustainable and environmentfriendly transition elements such as Fe and Cu.As the cathodes are normally“Li-free”,they are coupled with“Li-containing”anodes,such as Li metal and Li-alloy.Owning to these advantages,conversion-based lithium metal batteries are regarded as“longterm targets”.
