摘要
中国古代效验观念的萌发,滞后于医药理论体系的形成。宋代以前,医方效验具有两个特点:一是萌发晚且不连续,社会上秘而不验的先验论观念根深蒂固;二是基层民众极少参与验证活动。入宋以后,儒、医之间在思想观念方面的认识愈发契合,是效验观念走向成熟的关键人文条件。北宋时期,士人积极介入医药事业发展,打破了以往巫术疗法和宗教“秘方”的认知垄断,与医者共同推动了社会医药事业发展。南宋以后,医家愈发认可验证性实践的过程价值,强调方、病之间的辩证关系。以“看方三年,无病可治,治病三年,无药可疗”一语为例,此语在宋代以前极少被提及,直到南宋宁宗以后,首先在医家的著述中被冠以“古语”实现了其内涵的拓展和丰富,然后以“谚语”之称在元代加速传播。随着宋元以后医家观念愈发理性,传统医方方论开始向医案方向发展。儒、医互动改变了医方文本书写方式,是明代以后的医案既具有鲜明的医方实用性经验,又重视对病情病机与治疗信息分析的关键缘由。
The germination of Chinese ancient verification concept lagged behind the formation of the theoretical system of traditional medicine.Before the Song dynasty,the efficacy of medical prescriptions had two characteristics.First,the germination was late and discontinuous.The concept of transcendentalism that a theory is secret and cannot be verified in society is deeply rooted.Second,the grassroots rarely participate in verification activities.In Song dynasty,the increasing agreement between Confucians and medical practitioners in terms of ideological concepts is the key humanistic condition for the maturity of the verification concept.In the Northern Song dynasty,Confucians actively participated in the development of medicine,which broke the cognitive monopoly of the witchcraft therapy and religious“secret recipe”and promoted the development of social medicine together with the medical practitioners.In Southern Song dynasty,the medical practitioners increasingly recognized the process value of confirmatory practice and put particular emphasis on the dialectical relationship between prescriptions and diseases.The phrase“if we look at the prescription for three years,there is no disease that can be cured;if we treat the disease for three years,there is no medicine that can cure it”was rarely mentioned until Ningzong period in the Southern Song dynasty,this phrase was first labeled as“archaic language”in the writings of physicians and then accelerated its spread in Yuan dynasty with“proverb”.Medical practitioners became more rational after Song and Yuan dynasties.This promotes the traditional medical prescription theory develop towards medical record.The interaction between confucianists and medical circle changed the medical prescription text writting.It is the key reason why medical records after Ming dynasty not only had distinctive practical experience in medical prescriptions,but also attached importance to the analysis of disease pathogenesis and treatment information.
出处
《中原文化研究》
2023年第3期100-106,共7页
The Central Plains Culture Research
基金
河北省社会科学基金项目“宋元时期北方药材市场变迁研究”(HB22LS002)。
关键词
宋代
医方
效验
医案
Song dynasty
medical prescription
verification
medical record
