摘要
客兵是明代九边防守军兵中的重要组成部分,其发展演变之过程与明代军事制度的变化紧密联系。明初,客兵多指调往他卫戍守的卫所旗军,其与土兵和当地的卫所军相区别。明中叶以后,随着边防形势的紧张,客兵逐渐变成了既包含卫所旗军又包含募兵的开放性概念。客兵的身份也可以实现由“客”向“主”的转化。因此,《明史·兵志三》《明史·食货志六》以及《崇祯长编》中对客兵概念的界定皆是单一且不准确的。正统至正德时期,明廷不支持大规模使用客兵。嘉靖以后,蒙古俺答部向东进犯宣大京师蓟镇等要地,明廷被迫以营为编制大规模调动客兵戍守东部边镇,西北边镇仍以主兵作为防御主力。然而,大量客兵的聚集对军饷供应及驻地稳定带来消极影响。嘉靖后期,明廷采取减客兵、练主兵的措施试图减少客兵的使用,但收效甚微。万历后期辽战爆发,客兵与辽人矛盾日益激化,但冲突很快随着辽东的沦陷而告终,客兵依旧参与重要军事行动并扮演着重要的角色。
Guest soldiers were important military power during the Ming Dynasty,and their development was closely conected with the change of military system in the Ming Dynasty.During the early period of the Ming dynasty,guest soldiers referred to Wei Suo army who were transferred to other garrisons to participate in defense and campaign operations,which was different from the local soldiers and the local Wei Suo army.Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty,with the tense frontier situation,the meaning of guest soldiers has expanded and gradually become an open concept that included both Wei Suo army and recruitment soldiers.Its identity can also be changed from“guest”to“host”.Therefore,the definition of guest soldiers in Bing Zhi III,Shi Huo Zhi VI of Ming History and the Records of Chongzhen is incomplete and inaccurate.During the period from Zhengtong to Zhengde(1436-1521),the Ming government did not support the large-scale use of guest soldiers.Since Jiajing period,the Mongolia invaded the capital city and the northern border towns of Xuanfii,Datong and Jizhen eastwardly,and the Ming government was forced to mobilize the large scale of guest soldiers who were reorganized as many camps to guard eastern border towns.These border towns which were in the northwest of the Ming dynasty were still defended by the local army.However,the gathering of many guest soldiers had a negative impact on the supply of military payment and the stability of the garrison.In the later period of Jiajing,the Ming government took measures to reduce the use of guest soldiers and to train the local soldiers,but the effect was little.In the late period of Wanli,the Liao War broke out,and the conflict between guest soldiers and Liaodong army became intense increasingly.However,the conflict ended soon with the fall of Liaodong.Guest soldiers still participated in important military operations and played an important role.
出处
《史志学刊》
2023年第1期4-18,共15页
Journal of History and Chorography
关键词
明代
客兵
募兵
嘉靖
The Ming dynasty
Guest soldiers
Recruitment army
Jiajing period
