摘要
现存明清地方志中记载了很多医者的史料,通过对地方志等资料的考察,地方医者的情况在一定程度上得以呈现。在明清时期的永州,儒医是地方医者的一个重要群体,他们或是为治疗自身和亲人的疾病而习医,或是因为屡试不中而习医业医,也有一些人是受范仲淹良医良相之论的影响而从医。由于明清时期医学文本的广泛流传和官方对医疗市场管理的疏失,通过师徒相授、家族传承和自学等方式都可获取医学知识、开展医疗活动。随着越来越多具有儒学背景的士人进入医者职业,医、儒之间的联系也日益加强。掌握文化权利的文人士大夫将一部分医者用自己的方式记入地方志,既表达了他们自身的伦理诉求也表现出他们对于医者道德的要求与期望;医者为提高自身地位,也会积极与地方文人士大夫接触,通过一些符合儒家伦理观念的行为塑造自身形象。医、儒双方的纠缠在儒家的强势地位下使得医学各方面出现明显的儒化倾向,进一步导致医者职业识别性减弱,医学的技术性被符合儒家伦理观念的其他特性所覆盖。
There are many historical records of doctors in the existing local chronicles of the Ming and Qing dynasties.An investigation into local chronicles and other data reveals the situation of local doctors to a certain extent.In Yongzhou during the Ming and Qing dynasties,Confucian doctors were an important group of local doctors.They either studied medi-cine to treat their own and their families'diseases,or studied and practiced medicine after failing in the imperial examina-tions repeatedly.Some practiced medicine under the influence of Fan Zhongyan'words of"be a great chancellor or a great doctor".Due to the wide spread of medical books and the official negligence in the management of the medical market in the Ming and Qing dynasties,people could learn medical know ledge through mentoring,family inheritance,and self-study be-fore practicing medicine.As more and more scholars with a Confucian background entered the medical profession,the con-nections between medicine and Confucianism were also strengthened.Some scholar-officials holding cultural rights recor-ded some doctors in local chronicles in their own ways,which not only expressed their own ethical appeals but also showed their moral requirements and expectations for doctors.In order to improve their own status,doctors were also eager to con-tact local scholar-officials and shape their own image through some behaviors in line with Confucian ethics.Given the su-perior status of Confucianism,the entangl ement between medicine and Confucianism led to a clear tendency of becoming Confucian in all aspects of medicine,which further led to the weakening of the professional ident ification of doctors and the technical nature of medicine being covered by other characteristics in line with Confucian ethies.
出处
《上海地方志》
2023年第1期54-66,93,94,共15页
Shanghai Chronicles
关键词
永州
地方志
医者
儒化
明清时期
Yongzhou
local chronicles
doctors
become Confucian
Ming and Qing dynasties
