摘要
中国PM_(2.5)污染防治进入新阶段:PM_(2.5)年均浓度从快速下降期进入缓慢下降和平稳期,全国超标现象大幅改善,但季节性和地域性超标与重污染问题仍然突出。以治理工程减排和可承受的产业和能源结构调整为核心的长期治理措施边际成本不断提升,而治理效率逐渐降低,尤其在重污染天气下难以发挥即时效益。中国仍处于经济和城市化发展的关键时期,将污染物整体排放量降低到重污染气象条件下的PM_(2.5)达标的允许排放量,在短期内不具技术可行性和成本有效性。公众健康与公共福利要求PM_(2.5)继续改善和稳定达标,只能在日常排放管理上寻求突破。而现行空气污染防治政策体系在日尺度达标管理和排放控制方面的约束力相对薄弱,地方缺少落实空气质量精细化治理的激励和实践指导。随大数据技术进展和信息化建设水平提高,科学治污、精准治污条件日趋完善,空气污染防治思路和政策框架亟须更新和转变,以适应新时期的空气污染防治需求。现阶段,推动空气污染防治由粗放式长期治理向精细化日常管理转型是改革的关键。以固定源管理为例,在现有制度的基础上,构建兼顾PM_(2.5)日尺度达标与长期削减目标的政策框架,将环境空气质量标准和评估制度、城市空气质量达标规划制度、固定源排放标准管理制度、固定源排污许可证制度作为管理的支柱性政策,综合考虑日尺度管理需求、政策效率和持续改进性提出各政策的优化方案,建立政策间的衔接关系以发挥政策合力。认为应当重视环境数据的积累和应用,在日常管理中总结有效的排放控制经验,基于地方实际自下而上地制定空气质量管理目标和排放控制方案。增加城市绩效考核中的日评价、点评价指标和权重,激励地方政府自觉采取措施寻求空气质量的日尺度达标,将城市空气质量评价结果与强
PM_(2.5) pollution management in China has entered a new stage:the rapid decline of the annual average PM_(2.5) concentration has slowed down or even stopped.Although the overall situation of PM_(2.5) exceedance nationwide has greatly improved,seasonal and regional exceedances and heavy pollution are never absent.The marginal cost of long-term governance measures,which are centered on engineering measures for emission reduction and affordable adjustment of industrial and energy structures,is constantly increasing,while its efficiency decreases at the same time.Worse still,it performs poorly in heavily polluted weather.China is still at a critical stage of economic development and urbanization,and it is not technically feasible or cost-effective in the short term to reduce overall pollutant emissions to an allowable level determined by the ambient concentration of PM_(2.5) under heavily polluted meteorological conditions.In this case,continued improvement and steady attainment of the PM_(2.5) standard required by public health and welfare can only be achieved through daily emission management.However,the current air pollution control policy system is relatively weak in terms of daily ambient air quality and pollutant emission control.Consequently,local governments lack incentives and practical guidance for implementing refined air quality management.With the progress of big data technology and the improvement of information technology,the implementation of scientific and precise pollution control is becoming practical.The policy framework for air pollution management needs to be updated to meet the requirements for such management in the new era.At present,the key to the reform is to promote the transformation of air pollution control from extensive long-term management to refined daily management.Taking stationary source management as an example,based on some existing policies,this study proposes a new policy framework that takes both the demand for daily standards and long-term reduction targets of PM_(2.5) into
作者
宋国君
李虹霖
SONG Guojun;LI Honglin(School of Environment&Natural Resources,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第2期1-10,共10页
China Population,Resources and Environment
