摘要
作为农田形态的桑田最迟在秦代已经出现。《齐民要术》的记载反映出桑粮间作是北朝桑树栽培中较为常见的做法,而北魏均田令中关于桑田的规定与《齐民要术》所记载的桑粮间作技术一致,均田令中的桑田应该也是采用桑粮间作的农田。北魏将桑田定为世业主要因植桑给农田带来的附加价值,最初并不一定涉及土地所有权问题。但有关桑田的规定仍然夹杂有政治和社会因素的考量,它既是政府向豪强地主妥协的产物,同时也有限制大土地所有制的意图。桑田问题本身是一个农艺问题,而北魏均田令的规定在事实上造成了桑田与露田、麻田土地权利有别,可能正是在均田令实施过程中,桑田逐渐失去了其作为桑粮间作农田的最初含义。隋唐田令已废弃桑田名义,只要求民户的植桑数量达到标准,对栽种方式并不做要求,但受此前农业实践的影响,当时桑粮间作仍较普遍。宋元以后,由于要充分利用农田殖谷及桑树品种的改变,桑粮间作明显萎缩。
As a form of farmland,mulberry field appeared in Qin Dynasty at the latest.According to Qi Min Yao Shu(齐民要术),mulberry-grain intercropping was relatively common in mulberry cultivation in Northern dynasties,whereas the provisions of mulberry field in the Order of Equal Distribution of Land in Northern Wei Dynasty were consistent with the technology of mulberry-grain intercropping in Qi Min Yao Shu.The mulberry field in the Order of Equal Distribution of Land should be mulberry-grain intercropping farmland.Mulberry field could be inherited mainly because it had added value of mulberry trees,land ownership was not necessarily involved at first.But the provisions of mulberry field also had political and social consideration,which was the result of governmental concessions to strong landlords,at the same time,with the intention of imposing restrictions on large-scale land ownership.The mulberry field itself was an agronomic problem at first,but the Order of Equal Distribution of Land of Northern Wei Dynasty actually caused the difference of the land rights of the mulberry field from that of fields for growing grain and hemp land.Perhaps it is in the process of the implementation of the equalization order that the mulberry field lost its original meaning as mulberry-grain intercropping farmland.In the Sui and Tang Dynasties,the name of mulberry field was abandoned by the land order,and only required that the number of mulberry trees planted by households to meet the regulation,there was no requirement for the method of cultivation.However,under the influence of previous agricultural practices,the intercropping of mulberry and grain was still common at that time.The intercropping of mulberry and grain immensely reduced since the Song and Yuan Dynasties,as a result of making full use of farmland to grow grain and the change of mulberry variety.
作者
王勇
WANG Yong(Yuelu Academy,Hunan University,Changsha,Hunan,410082,China)
出处
《史学集刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第2期97-107,共11页
Collected Papers of History Studies
关键词
桑田
均田令
《齐民要术》
桑粮间作
mulberry field
the Order of Equal Distribution of Land
Qi Min Yao Shu(齐民要术)
mulberry-grain intercropping
