摘要
从功能上看,中、美两国的环评制度有同有异。相同之处主要在于,两国的环评制度都具有督政功能即预防有害于环境的行政决策的功能。这个相同点的主要原因是两国的环评立法和环评制度旨在预防资源环境领域的“政府失灵”。不同之处在于,一是美国环评制度不是环境规制手段,而是督政手段,而中国环评制度兼具环境规制和督政功能。二是在督,即改善有关环境的行政决策方面,中美两国的环评制度在对事的适用范围、信息披露程度要求和程序保障、环评报告书审查方式等方面有较大不同。这些不同点的主要原因是:环评制度产生的社会背景不同和立法机关对环评程序的功能认识不同。两国的环评制度在督政方面的不同点显示出国情决定该国环评制度在督政方面的特色。认为环评制度有其规律性,例如环评程序是中性的、“他律”的、预防性的,既可用于行政规制又可用于督政,是因国情而异的。在中国新时代社会主要矛盾已经发生转变的情况下,人民群众对政府有关环境的行政决策必然会提出更高要求。因此建议国家立法机关在修改《环评法》时完善中国环评制度的督政功能。
In terms of function, the EIA systems of China and the U.S. are both similar and different. The similarity lies mainly in the fact that both countries’ EIA systems have the function of supervision, that is, preventing administrative decisions harmful to the environment. The main reason for this similarity is that the EIA legislation and the EIA system of the two countries are aimed at preventing “government failure” in the field of resources and environment. There are two differences. First, the EIA system in the U.S is not a means of environmental regulation, but a means of supervision, while the EIA system in China has both environmental regulation and supervision functions. Second, in terms of administrative supervision, that is, improvement of environmental administrative decision-making, the EIA systems of China and the U.S. are quite different in the scope of application, information disclosure degree requirements and procedural guarantees, and EIA report review methods. The main reasons for these differences are that the social background of the EIA system and the legislative body’s understanding of the functions of the EIA process are different. The differences between the two countries’ EIA systems in terms of supervision show that national conditions determine the characteristics of a country’s EIA system in terms of supervision. This comparative study shows that the EIA system has its own laws. For example, the EIA procedure is neutral, “heteronomous”, preventive, and can be used for administrative regulation or supervision, and varies according to national conditions. Under the circumstance that the principal contradiction of our society in the new era has been transformed, the masses will inevitably put forward higher demands to the administrative decision-making of our government concerning environment. Therefore, it is suggested that the national legislature should improve the supervision function of the EIA system when amending the EIA Law.
作者
王曦
郭祥
WANG Xi;GUO Xiang(School of Law,Kunming University of Science and Technology,KunmingYunnan 650500,China;Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming Yunnan 650500,China)
出处
《北京理工大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第1期114-126,共13页
Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology：Social Sciences Edition
基金
生态环境部环境影响与排放管理司委托项目“中美环评制度对比研究”(环评函(2020)20号)。
关键词
环境影响评价
督政
环境规制
环境立法
比较法
environmental impact assessment
overseeing the government
environmental regulation
environmental legislation
comparative law
