摘要
“用间”在《史记》关于战国和秦汉时期的战争记载中多处出现。通过最早的“用间”理论作品《孙子兵法·用间篇》对《史记》“用间”策略进行分类,可以发现司马迁的记载以“内间”为主,辅之以“死间”“反间”“生间”,同时还存在无法分类的部分。这反映出战国、秦汉时期“用间”实践与孙子“用间”理论之间有所区别。其中,《史记》记载战事中的“反间”内涵扩大化了,实际上类似于孙子所言“乡间、内间、反间”的结合体。这导致后世学者在解释“反间”时,常将《史记》具体记载作为《孙子兵法》“反间”的注解,但两者实际存在不同。“用间”的理论与记载是从春秋至秦汉军事理论与兵学文化快速发展的一个反映。
“The use of spies”appears in many military records of the Warring States Period and Qin and Han Dynasties in Historical Records.Through the classification of the strategy of“the use of spies”in Historical Records with the earliest theoretical work of The Use of Spies of The Art of War,it can be found that Sima Qian’s records center on“inward spies”,supplemented by“doomed spies”,“converted spies”and“surviving spies”,and there are also some parts that cannot be classified clearly.This reflects the difference between the practice of“the use of spies”in the Warring States Period,Qin and Han Dynasties and Sun Tzu’s theory of“the use of spies”.Among them,the connotation of“converted spies”in the records of the war in Historical Records has been expanded,and it is actually similar to the combination of“local spies,inward spies and converted spies”described by Sun Tzu.This has led later scholars to use the specific records in Historical Records as the annotation of the“converted spies”in The Art of War when interpreting“converted spies”,but these two are actually different.The theory and records of“the use of spies”are a reflection of the rapid development of military theory and military culture from the Spring and Autumn Period to Qin and Han Dynasties.
作者
何磊
HE Lei(School of History and Culture,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China)
出处
《滨州学院学报》
2022年第5期14-20,共7页
Journal of Binzhou University
基金
国家社科基金思政专项“高校思政课讲好制度故事的话语创新研究”(21VSZ042)
国家社科基金“新时代‘美好生活需要’的价值论研究”(19BKS136)
合肥工业大学“‘四史’融入思政课教学改革创优行动项目”之子项目“四史融入‘概论’课实践教学设计”的阶段性成果。
关键词
《孙子兵法》
《史记》
用间
反间
军事理论
兵学文化
The Art of War
Historical Records
the use of spies
converted spies
military theory
military culture
