摘要
鄂伦春语是非问句有两种直观可感的语调形式,一是句末为先降后升的曲折调,此时不能使用语气助词;二是句末为高扬的升调,此时必须使用语气助词。利用声学实验的方法,本文对这两种是非问句的语调形式进行了描写,并通过与相应的陈述句语调的对比,探索鄂伦春语陈述和疑问语气的功能对立在语调形式上的区别,以及语调和语气助词在疑问表达上的关系。结果表明,鄂伦春语陈述和疑问语气范畴间的语调对立主要通过音高的编码方案实现,具体表现为曲拱走势、音阶高度和音域跨度三个方面的参数区别,并且三种参数在时间维度上存在逐次添加、逐渐增强的过程,而音长和音强的作用十分有限。进一步探讨发现,由句末阶段承担主要的是非问语调编码权重可能是一个跨语言的类型共性,疑问助词和语调在功能上不是竞争或羡余的关系,而是各有其作用范围,当二者共用时,起到增强疑问语气的作用。
A yes-no question in Oroqen may have two perceptible intonation forms.It can have a falling-rising pitch contour when there is no sentence-final particle(SFP).However,it must have a rising pitch contour when SFP is used.These two forms of yes-no questions are termed as U-questions and M-questions respectively.This paper examines the acoustic realizations of these two intonation forms in comparison with their declarative counterparts with two goals:i)to explore the intonational differences resulting from the pragmatic opposition,and ii)to find some prosodic universals in interrogative intonation encoding.Experiment results indicate that the intonational opposition between the statement and interrogative tone in Oroqen is mainly realized through the encoding scheme of pitch.In terms of pitch contour,declarative sentences exhibit a rising-falling“hat”pattern,while the two forms of interrogative questions show an overall flat contour with minor fluctuation towards the end of a sentence;in terms of pitch register,the last word of a declarative sentence drops sharply,while the overall register of the two interrogative forms remains steady;in terms of pitch range,the two question forms have a significantly narrower pitch range than their declarative counterparts.In comparison with pitch,the role of duration and intensity is very limited in marking and distinguishing different modal categories.Further investigation into the result shows that the three means of pitch encoding work in a certain chronological order:the effect of pitch register can be observed as early as the beginning of a sentence;the effect of pitch contour begins to take place in the middle of a sentence;the effect of pitch range surfaces lastly,at the end of a sentence.A comparison with other languages may lead to the conclusion that sentence-final position serves as the essential stage of intonational encoding of yes-no questions;and if there exists a non-sentence-final encoding,interrogative meaning tends to be conveyed by raising the pitch regist
作者
秦鹏
丛珊
QIN Peng;CONG Shan(Institute of Theoretical Psycholinguistics and Cognitive Science,Tianjin Normal University;不详)
出处
《当代语言学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第4期501-514,共14页
Contemporary Linguistics
关键词
鄂伦春语
是非问句
语调
共性
Oroqen
yes-no question
intonation
universals
