摘要
Extensive barnacle coquinas(barnamols)formed around New Zealand’s North and Chatham Islands during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene.The inner-shelf megabalanine Fosterella is the primary constituent of these lithofacies,which also include epifaunal bivalves,bryozoans and less modified balanids like Notobalanus and Notomegabalanus.The status of genus Fosterella is reviewed,3 species are retained and a new genus,Porobalanus,is proposed for Fosterella hennigi,a species restricted to the Early Pliocene of Cockburn Island,Antarctica.Significantly,Fosterella did not survive the New Zealand Pleistocene,although Notobalanus and Notomegabalanus,which have fossil records extending back to the Early Miocene,remain important components of present day cool-temperate Southern Hemisphere faunas.Extinction of Fosterella,in shelf waters off Argentina,is explained through a combination of changing circulatory and sedimentary regimes,competition for food and space,predation and physiological constraints.The driver of these factors was rapid regional cooling.
基金
The author thanks Alan Beu and Hamish Campbell(GNS Science,Lower Hutt,New Zealand)for helpful comments about the Te Aute limestones and the Chatham Islands stratigraphy
Cam Nelson(University of Waikato,Hamilton,New Zealand)provided information on the sedimentology of the Te Aute limestones
Jim Carlton(Williams College,CT,USA)sparked my interest in bio-invasions
Bob Carter(Townsville,Queensland,Australia)and Lionel Carter(Antarctic Research Centre,Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand)provided data on late Cainozoic paleooceanography and Bill Newman(Scripps Institute of Oceanography,La Jolla,CA,USA)gave thoughtful comments and provided the thin section of Fosterella tubulatoides.
