摘要
俄国的国家意识形态与地理形象建构之间存在着积极的互动关系,前者对后者起文化定位的决定作用,同时也从后者寻找实证主义的客观证据。18世纪前俄罗斯的地理认知全盘接受西方古典的世界三分图景,以顿河为界划分欧亚大陆,表明莫斯科不承认欧洲的文明优越性,也未赋予欧亚分界以文化和政治含义。彼得大帝的改革承认欧洲和亚洲的文化差异,模仿欧洲殖民帝国的制度设计,将欧亚边界东移至乌拉尔山脉,塑造对标欧洲的“宗主国-殖民地”帝国二元结构。法国大革命和十二月党人起义后的尼古拉政府扭转了国家意志层面的欧洲文化认同,以探索俄罗斯独特道路的名义将俄国与欧洲对立起来,同时俄国的自由主义思想界仍保持着与欧洲共同命运的感觉,但颠倒了原先的价值等级,将自己视为欧洲的拯救者。克里米亚战争则让俄国全社会都感觉到西方的敌意,知识精英渴望摆脱欧洲文化的主导地位,于是试图取消欧亚大陆的分界,建构与西欧世界分庭抗礼的斯拉夫民族的独立世界;这一世界图景被20世纪初的欧亚主义者继承,也成为苏联解体前后建构俄罗斯民族或俄罗斯文明统一体的地理基础。
There is a positive interaction between Russia’s national ideology and construction of its geographical image,with the former playing a key role in the cultural positioning of the latter,while seeking evidence of positivism in the latter.Russia’s geographical perception before the 18th century totally accepted the classical Western world vision with three divisions,in which Europe and Asia were separated by the Don River,indicating that Moscow did not recognize the superiority of European civilization,nor did it offer any cultural or political meanings to the boundary between Europe and Asia.Peter the Great’s reform recognized cultural differences between Europe,Asia and imitated the institutional design of European colonial empires,moving the boundary between the two continents eastwards to the Urals,creating a“metropolitan-colonial”imperial dichotomy in accordance with European counterparts.After the French Revolution and the Decembrist revolt,the Nicholas government reversed the European cultural identity at the level of national will,putting Russia against Europe in the name of exploring a distinctive Russian way.While still maintaining a sense of common destiny with Europe,Russian liberal intellectuals reversed the previous hierarchy of values and saw itself as saviour of Europe.The Crimean War,on the other hand,made the whole Russian society feel the West’s hostility.Intellectual elites,seeking to escape the dominance of European culture,sought to abolish the division on the Eurasian mainland and to construct an independent Slavic world that could compete against the Western European world.Inherited by Eurasianists in the early 20th century,this world vision has become the geographical basis for the construction of Russian nation and Russian civilization continuum before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
出处
《俄罗斯研究》
CSSCI
2022年第2期108-127,共20页
Russian Studies
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目“19世纪俄国经典作家的西伯利亚书写研究”(项目批准号:21BWW037)的阶段性成果。
关键词
俄罗斯文明
俄罗斯地理空间文化
俄罗斯民族国家构建
俄欧关系
Russian Civilization
Russian Culture in Geo-space
Russian Nation-state Building
Russia-Europe Relationship
