摘要
豆蔻类中药包括白豆蔻、草豆蔻、红豆蔻及肉豆蔻4种,药用历史悠久,同时也常用于料理烹饪调味。历代本草中豆蔻类中药因名字相近,且限于古代交通影响等条件,使得该类药材记载相互出入,常与同科多种植物混淆,至今仍有多种混淆品流通。为促进含该类药材古代经典名方的开发,笔者从释名、基原、道地产区、药用部位、采收加工与炮制方法等方面对豆蔻类药材进行全面梳理,经考证发现,豆蔻的基原植物是姜科豆蔻属植物白豆蔻Amomum kravanh和爪哇白豆蔻A.compactum;草豆蔻主流基原植物为姜科山姜属植物草豆蔻Alpinia katsumadai,且草果常作为草豆蔻药材入药,两者易于混淆;红豆蔻在古时本草中记载的主流来源为高良姜A.officinarum的果实,而2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》规定红豆蔻基原植物为姜科植物大高良姜A.galanga;肉豆蔻基原植物为肉豆蔻科植物肉豆蔻Myristica fragrans。历代豆蔻类药材除肉豆蔻主流基原较为固定外,其他3种豆蔻药用基原均有所变革,相互出入且尚有其他多种植物相混淆。4种豆蔻类药材产地均为东南亚一带及我国东南部,其中白豆蔻与肉豆蔻多为进口。豆蔻类中药药用部位明确,炮制方法简单,历代主流多为净制、炒法和煨法,临床上可根据不同病证所需选择炮制品。建议厚朴温中汤中草豆蔻仁使用姜科植物草豆蔻A.katsumadai的干燥近成熟种子,广东、广西、海南、福建及云南等地均有产,其中海南万宁为道地产区,果实于夏、秋二季采收,晒至九成干,或用水略烫,晒至半干,除去果皮,取出种子团,晒干,即可入药。
Chinese medicines of Doukou includes Amomi Fructus Rotundus,Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen,Galangae Fructus and Myristicae Semen.They have a long medicinal history and are also commonly used in cooking and seasoning.Due to the similar names and limited to the traffic conditions in ancient times,the records of Doukou in ancient literature are often confused with many plants in the same family,and there are still many kinds of confused products.In order to promote the development of famous classical formulas containing the medicinal materials,the ancient literature of Doukou in the past dynasties was comprehensively combed from the aspects of name,origin,genuine area,medicinal parts,harvesting and processing and processing methods.It has been found that the basic original plants of Amomi Fructus Rotundus are Amomum kravanh and A.compactum,the original plant of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen is Alpinia katsumadai and it often confused with Tsaoko Fructus.The main source of Galangae Fructus recorded in the ancient materia medica is the fruit of A.officinarum,while the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulates that the original plant is A.galanga.Myristica fragrans is the original plant of Myristicae Semen.It was found that except M.fragrans,the other three kinds of medicinal origin of Doukou had changed,there are many other plants confused with each other.The four kinds of Doukou are produced in Southeast China and Southeast Asia,and most of Amomi Fructus Rotundus and Myristicae Semen are imported.The Chinese medicines of Doukou have clear medicinal parts and simple processing methods,the main methods in the past dynasties are cleaning,stir frying and simmering,and the processed products are selected according to the needs of different diseases.It is suggested to use the dry mature seeds of A.katsumadai in Houpo Wenzhongtang,which is from Guangxi,Guangdong,Hainan,Fujian and Yunnan and so on,among which Wanning in Hainan province is genuine producing area.The fruits should be harvested in summer and autumn,and dried to 9
作者
陈细钦
冯剑
詹志来
刘洋洋
CHEN Xi-qin;FENG Jian;ZHAN Zhi-lai;LIU Yang-yang(Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Sourthern Medicine,Hainan Branch of Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College,Haikou 570311,China;National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China)
出处
《中国实验方剂学杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第10期22-41,共20页
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae
基金
中央本级重大增减支项目(2060302)
国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1711401)
中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A03702)。
关键词
豆蔻
草豆蔻
红豆蔻
肉豆蔻
本草考证
中药
经典名方
Amomi Fructus Rotundus
Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen
Galangae Fructus
Myristicae Semen
herbal textual research
traditional Chinese medicine
famous classical formulas
