摘要
科场罢考是清代士子群体特有的一种抗议方式。由于康熙年间清政府对科场罢考案重视程度不够,致使康熙朝晚期罢考事件多发。然而,随着雍正、乾隆两帝对罢考态度的趋严转变,管控力度的加强,以及相应律例的适用与升级,科场罢考问题在雍乾时期得到快速而有效的控制,这展现出清前期朝廷对基层管控的有效性和针对科场罢考问题的“宽严之变”。
The“examination boycott”(bakao)was a particular type of collective protest during the early Qing Dynasty.Because the central government paid less attention to examination boycotts and did not take effective measures to address them,this type of protest proliferated in the later years of the Kangxi reign.Under the rule of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors however,the attitude toward examination boycotts became more severe and degree of official control was strengthened.This intensification of social control was manifested in tougher laws that increased punishments for examination boycotts.During the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns the examination boycotts were handled quickly and effectively.The rapid and effective response to examination boycotts manifested the more severe and directed effort to control grass roots society and collective protest during the early Qing Dynasty.
作者
王学深
Wang Xueshen(Institute of History,Faculty of Humanities,China University of Political Science and Law)
出处
《清史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第2期14-23,共10页
The Qing History Journal
关键词
清前期
罢考
宽严之变
基层管控
士子群体
early Qing Dynasty
examination boycotts(bakao)
changing attitudes toward protests
control of local society
examination candidate collectives
