摘要
不少研究认为作为全称量词的"都"有非全量用法,即允许例外,所以不属于全称量词。通过分析"例外"现象与量化域之间的关系,本文指出,汉英全量表达(如"都""每""所有"、all、every等)允许例外的例子并非真正意义上的非全量用法。全量表达允许例外的现象是将量化域简单地等同于句中、上下文或会话情境中出现的某个复数集合而造成的错觉。本文的分析说明:全称量化逻辑有助于更精细地刻画自然语言的意义关系,但在语言使用中,确定量化域是个很复杂的过程,除了句法和信息结构,还要考虑上下文、预设以及言者视角等因素的限制,正是这些因素的综合作用导致了全称量化允许例外的错觉。
It is argued in the existing research that the universal quantifier dou(Iff)in Chinese allows for exceptions and is thus non-universal.By investigating the relationship between the exceptions and the domain of quantification,this paper argues that universal quantificational expressions in Chinese(dou,mei,suoyou)and English(all,every)are all compatible with exceptions in certain cases.It further argues that the exceptions compatible with universal quantificational expressions are not counterexamples to their universality;rather,such exceptions are already excluded from the domain of quantification.In this sense,the“non-universal”use of universal quantificational expressions is in fact an epiphenomenon due to equating the domain of quantification with a plurality mentioned in the relevant sentence or the immediate discourse,or existing in the relevant situation.The restriction on the quantificational domain is a complex process which involves the interaction among syntactic structure,information structure,linguistic information encoded in the immediate discourse,presupposition,and the speaker's perception.
作者
冯予力
FENG Yuli(College of Foreign Languages and Literatures,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)
出处
《外语教学与研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第1期42-52,159,共12页
Foreign Language Teaching and Research
