摘要
字识是清代绿营中文书信息处理最底端的兵种,由明代识字兵承袭而来,顺治初已在军事运转中出现,迟至康熙中期初具规模。字识多由武官从营内兵丁中挑选,因荒废操练却占食名粮,雍正朝试图以武职经制书吏替代字识,但各级武官基于军务成本及自身利益等因素,依旧将其保留。在字识广泛存在且难以裁撤的境况下,为解决虚兵空额问题,同时确保军政文书的有效运行,乾隆中后期陆续对字识的数额、待遇及拔补做出相应规定。字识日渐制度化是军事权力难以深入基层的妥协和务实措置,然而因绿营武官识字有限,其衍生的问题亦不容忽视。
The military scribe(ZISHI)was the most basic level staff in charge of processing documents for the Green Standard Army during the Qing Dynasty.Originating in the Ming Dynasty,the system of military scribes continued operating under the Shunzhi reign and was took shape during the mid-Kangxi reign.Most of these scribes were selected from the battalions by their officers.They were paid without receiving military training,so there was an attempt to replace them with military clerks during the Yongzheng period.Nevertheless,military officers kept this system for various reasons,related to the military budget or their own interests.Therefore,military scribes were widespread,and this system was difficult to abolish.To solve this problem and ensure the effective transmission of military documents,the Qing court made corresponding regulations on the amount,status,and allocation of military scribes in the mid-and late Qianlong period.The gradual institutionalization of military scribes was a compromise and pragmatic measure when the military power had difficulty to reach the grass roots society.However,problems resulting from the limited literacy of military officers could not be ignored.
作者
温海波
谢殿诚
WEN Haibo;XIE Diancheng(College of History Culture and Tourism,Jiangxi Normal University)
出处
《清史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第5期55-68,共14页
The Qing History Journal
基金
国家社科基金青年项目“明清杂字读物与民众识字研究”(18CZS028)
江西省教育厅研究生创新基金项目“字识兵与清代军政文书运转”(YC2020-S166)阶段性成果。
关键词
清代
绿营
字识
军政管理
文书信息
Qing Dynasty
the Green Standard Army
military scribe
military management
information of documents
