摘要
人工造雪原理简单,但工艺过程复杂,对环境条件依赖性很高。近年来为实现“三亿人上冰雪”目标和举行“2022北京冬奥会”赛事,国家高度重视人工造雪技术创新。本文基于成雪机理,对常见造雪设备工作原理、评价指标、影响因素及技术发展历程等进行分析。晶核的形成是自然成雪的关键,雪花的生长特性与环境温度和水蒸气过饱和度有关。人工造雪技术的核心是通过节流制冷制造低温环境,催化晶核的生成,并以晶核为种子雪晶吸附破碎雾滴成长成雪花。湿球温度是人工造雪活动的触发依据,不同湿球温度下雾滴相变潜热和对流传热不同,普遍以-2℃作为造雪阈值。人工造雪技术的优化方向是核子器和喷嘴的结构优化、水源活性剂添加、外加预冷成核及智能化控制。我国人工造雪技术起步晚,未来须从“机理-技术-部件-整机-体系”进行全方位改进。
The principle of snowmaking is simple,however the process is complex and highly dependent on environmental conditions.In recent years,to achieve the goal of“300 million people on ice and snow”and to host the“2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games”China has attached great importance to the innovation of snowmaking technology.In this study the working principle,evaluation index,influencing factors,and technology development process of artificial snowmaking are analyzed based on the mechanism of snow formation.The formation of crystal nuclei is the key to the formation of snow,and the growth characteristics of snowflakes are related to the ambient temperature and water vapor supersaturation.The core of artificial snowmaking technology is the creation of a low-temperature environment by throttling refrigeration to catalyze the formation of crystal nuclei.The snow crystals are seeded with the crystal nuclei,and the crushed fog droplets are then adsorbed to form snowflakes.The wet-bulb temperature is the trigger for artificial snowmaking activity.The latent heat of the phase change and convective heat transfer of droplets are different at different wet-bulb temperatures,and-2℃is generally considered as the snowmaking activity threshold.The optimization direction of artificial snowmaking technology is the structural optimization of snow core making nozzles and spray nozzles,the addition of water source active agents,external precooling nucleation,and intelligent control.Development of Chinese artificial snowmaking technology started late,and it needs to be improved using mechanisms,technologies,components,machines,and systems in the future.
作者
刘国强
熊通
晏刚
赵巍
张华
王瑞祥
孙承华
Liu Guoqiang;Xiong Tong;Yan Gang;Zhao Wei;Zhang Hua;Wang Ruixiang;Sun Chenghua(Department of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an, 710049, China;School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Beijing, 200093, China;School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China;Beijing Carving Ski Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100041, China)
出处
《制冷学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第5期1-16,共16页
Journal of Refrigeration
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFF0303901)资助。
关键词
人工造雪
造雪机
喷嘴
晶核
冬奥
artificial snowmaking
snowmaker
spray nozzle
crystal nuclei
Winter Olympics
