摘要
Spatially resolved time and voltage-dependent polarization dynamics in PbTiO3 thin films is explored using dynamic piezoresponse force microscopy(D-PFM)in conjunction with interferometric displacement sensing.This approach gives rise to 4D data sets containing information on bias-dependent relaxation dynamics at each spatial location without long-range electrostatic artifacts.To interpret these data sets in the absence of defined physical models,we employ a non-negative tensor factorization method which clearly presents the data as a product of simple behaviors allowing for direct physics interpretation.Correspondingly,we perform phase-field modeling finding the existence of‘hard’and‘soft’domain wall edges.This approach can be extended to other multidimensional spectroscopies for which even exploratory data analysis leads to unsatisfactory results due to many components in the decomposition.
基金
This research used resources of the Compute and Data Environment for Science(CADES)at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory,which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC05-00OR22725
This work was partially supported by the JSPSKAKENHI Grant Nos.15H04121,and 26220907(H.F.).
