摘要
唐宋泉州城的空间格局、城池营建和重要建筑的坐向和形制布局是中国古代堪舆学、易学、天文学及定向、定方位、测绘等科学技术的完美结合。唐宋泉州城空间格局,是中国古代天文学三衡和七衡六间的缩影。唐宋泉州城及其外围山水可分为“寺”“城”“山水”三部分,泉州开元寺、清源山、六胜塔分别位于以泉州开元寺大雄宝殿中心为圆心的三个同心圆周上而构成泉州城的“三衡”,城池主体包含“内衡”而未至“中衡”,城池外围的“山水”在“中衡”“外衡”之间,并有更细分为“七衡六间”的意向。泉州罗城七座城门逐步完善而形成的“释六俗一”格局,与中国古代历法中的夏历相关。与泉州开元寺大雄宝殿“取正”和泉州开元寺殿塔天盘缝针测绘系统、罗城门“释六俗一”相关的使用极星定向、通过日影观测来测定方向或测算时间等科学技术以及泉州府文庙、清源山巅三清之源、泉州天后宫等重要建筑使用以天盘缝针为基础的正针测向、二十四山定方位等方法,体现出了中国传统思想文化及相关科学技术的发展脉络。在上述相关框架理论的支撑下,文章结合文献记载,就泉州南外宗正司和泉州市舶司的选址、既有考古发掘揭露出来的建筑遗存的等级、坐向、沿革及出土遗物等与相关遗址的关联性略作探讨,认为与水陆院、“取正”和天盘缝针方向相关的建筑遗存与泉州南外宗正司遗址相关,而以天盘缝针为基础的地盘壬子正针乾亥缝线为坐向的相关建筑遗存与泉州市舶司遗址相关。
The spatial pattern,city construction and the orientation and layout of important buildings in Tang and Song Dynasties Quanzhou city are the perfect combination of ancient Chinese science such as geomancy science,Study of I-Ching,astronomy as well as orientating,surveying and mapping technologies.The spatial pattern of Tang and Song Dynasty Quanzhou City is the epitome of ideas in Chinese ancient astrology:the city and its peripheral landscape can be divided into“temple”“city”“landscape”;Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple,Qingyuan Mountain,and Liusheng Pagoda,with Kaiyuan Temple’s main hall as the focus,are the center of 3 concentric circles,constituting the“san heng”asterism of Quanzhou;the city’s core area contains the“inner orb”of the sun,and the periphery landscape is between the“middle orb”and the“outer orb”,and it may be subdivided into the“seven celestial orbs of the sun”.The seven gates of the Tang Dynasty Luo City of Quanzhou were gradually improved to form the“shi liu su yi”layout,which is related to the Xia calendar in ancient China.With the use of scientific techniques such as polestar orientation and telling of time or orientation by observing shadows cast by the sun in the positioning and mapping of Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple’s main hall and pagoda,and the Luocheng gates layout,as well as the centering and positioning of Quanzhou Confucius Temple,Qingyuan Mountain top’s Sanqing Temple,Quanzhou Tianhou Temple and other important buildings using Chinese geomancy methods,reflecting traditional Chinese culture and related scientific and technological development.Under the above-mentioned theoretical framework,this paper discusses the relevance of the site selection of Quanzhou Site of Southern Clan Office and Quanzhou Site of Maritime Trade Office using literatures and archaeological materials.It is believed that the architectural remains related to Shuilu Temple and other sites situated according to the heaven compass needle direction in Chinese geomancy are related to the
作者
汪勃
梁源
WANG Bo;LIANG Yuan(Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;Fujian Museum,Fuzhou Fujian 350001,China)
出处
《自然与文化遗产研究》
2021年第3期22-39,共18页
Study on Natural and Cultural Heritage
关键词
泉州城
唐宋
空间格局
泉州南外宗正司
泉州市舶司
Quanzhou City
Tang and Song dynasties
spatial pattern
Quanzhou Site of Southern Clan Office
Quanzhou Site of Maritime Trade Office
