摘要
《民法典》中的自甘冒险规则采完全抗辩模式,宜从适用领域和构成上限制和明晰其适用范围。"文体活动"应限缩在具有竞技性质的文体活动,且损害在竞技过程中现实发生,排除健身、休闲、娱乐等性质的文体活动。自甘冒险规则中的"风险"是指公开且明显的固有风险。观众仅承受风险却并未制造风险,故自甘冒险规则对其不应适用。自甘冒险规则有独立存在的价值,过失相抵规则不能完全替代自甘冒险规则。不符合自甘冒险规则适用范围的其他"明知危险而仍然冒险"行为可以按照过失相抵规则、侵权法归责原则处理。《民法典》第1176条明确排除了公平责任在自甘冒险活动中的适用,这将深刻改变既有司法实践一般经验。为了弱化自甘冒险的完全免责效果,受益人在风险活动中分担损失具有合理性。在《民法典》第1176条的价值导向下,对活动组织者的认定应从严把握,不可作为责任的"兜底"主体;由于自甘冒险活动免除行为人的侵权责任,因此活动组织者对该行为人不再享有追偿权。虽然违反运动规则不能等同于违反法律规则,但从违反运动规则的方式、程度、频次、后果等可以综合确定行为人故意或者重大过失的主观过错。
The assumption-of-risk rule in The Civil Code of P. R. C. adopts the mode of complete defense,so it is advisable to limit and clarify its application scope from the perspectives of application fields and composition. "Sports activities"should be limited to those of competitive nature,within which harm occurs in the actual process pf competition,excluding sports activities of recreational nature such as fitness,leisure and entertainment. The "risk"in the assumption-of-risk rule refers to the open and obvious inherent risk. The audience bears the risk but does not create it,so the assumption-of-risk rule does apply to them. The assumption-of-risk rule has its value of independent existence,and it should not be replaced by the negligence rule. Other behaviors of "assumption of risk despite knowing the danger",which do not conform to the applicable scope of assumption-of-risk rule,can be dealt with according to the negligence rule and the imputation principle of tort law. Article 1176 of The Civil Code of P. R. C. explicitly excludes the application of fair liability in voluntary risk-taking activities,which will profoundly change the existing general experience of judicial practice. In order to alleviate the complete exemption effect of the assumption-of-risk rule,it is reasonable for beneficiaries to share losses in risky activities. Under the value orientation of Article 1176,the identification of event organizers should be strictly grasped: they should not be treated as the "bottom"subject of responsibility;the actor’s tort liability is legally exempted from his voluntary risk-taking behaviors,so the event organizer no longer has the right of recourse against him. Although the violation against sports rules cannot be equated with that against legal rules,the subjective fault of intentional or gross negligence on the actor’s part can be comprehensively determined from the way,degree,frequency and consequences of his violation against sports rules.
作者
谭佐财
TAN Zuo-cai(School of Lawe,Wuhan University,Wuhan Hubei 430072,China)
出处
《太原理工大学学报（社会科学版）》
2021年第1期52-59,共8页
Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology(Social Science Edition)
基金
最高人民法院2019年度司法研究重大课题“类案裁判规范化、标准化建设研究”(ZGFYZDKT201914-01)。
关键词
自甘冒险
文体活动
公平责任
过失相抵
活动组织者
《民法典》
assumption-of-risk rule
cultural and sports activities
fair liability
negligence
event organizers
The Civil Code of P.R.C.
