摘要
俄罗斯兵器工业属于俄罗斯国民经济中不可或缺的支柱产业,同时属于各类危险源密集的工业部门。基于俄罗斯官方统计数据,以2009—2018年俄罗斯兵器工业事故为统计分析对象,针对事故起数、事故死亡人数、事故类型、事故地区分布及原因等进行讨论。结果表明:俄罗斯兵器工业事故起数和人员伤亡数量总体呈逐年上升的趋势,事故相对高发与近十年俄罗斯国防订单增多呈正相关;伏尔加联邦管区、中央联邦管区和西伯利亚联邦管区为俄罗斯兵器工业事故高发地区;爆炸、火灾事故在俄罗斯兵器工业事故总数中比重最大,俄罗斯兵器工业事故及人员伤亡主要发生在弹药及特种化学工厂生产、检维修等环节;静电意外作用、生产设备存在设计缺陷和危险物质化工反应失控是导致上述事故的最主要的技术方面原因;从业人员违反操作规程、未遵守安全规章制度和违反劳动纪律是俄罗斯兵器工业事故最主要的管理方面原因。目前俄罗斯兵器工业已基本完成俄罗斯联邦化学武器销毁国家任务,在化学武器销毁领域事故率近似为0。中国需重视特种化学工厂生产、弹药/化学武器回收处理中的各类安全生产问题,研究结果对提高中国兵器工业本质安全生产水平具有一定的借鉴意义。
Based on the Russian official statistical data,the paper intends to analyze the accidents in the Russian ordnance industry in the period of ten years from 2009 to 2018.Our study results indicate that in the said period,there has been found an increase in the number of accidents with the death toll going up year by year in the said industry.Such a relatively high incidence of disaster accidents should be said high-probably related to the country’s national defense orders in the recent decade.For example,in the top 3 most serious accident clustered areas of the country’s ordnance industry,the Volga Federal region,the central federal region,the Siberian Federal region,explosion,and fire-bursting are the dominant areas of such disastrous accidents.Then,such accidents and casualties took place mainly in the specialized chemical factories with the production,inspection,and maintenance process of the military ammunition.The root cause leading to such disasters mainly concerns the design defects of anti-static electricity and not well-enough nor satisfied production equipments and facilities,either or due to poor control or management of the dangerous risk-leading substances or materials.Besides,it is often the case for the workmen to violate the operating regularities or against the safety control rules and regularities.What is more,important is that the chief managers and other production monitoring figures fail to practice strict control to get rid of such disastrous accidents in such principal branches of the ordnance industry.The actual situation is that,for the time being,the Russian ordnance industrial branches have just been trying to fulfill their duties to cut short their production of chemical weapons following the instruction of the national defense department of the Russian Federation,trying to reduce the accident rate of their ordnance industry in the field of chemical weapons up to zero.Nevertheless,there is a different situation China has to be confronted,that is,the strict safety control in the produ
作者
臧小为
沈瑞琪
Е.В.尤尔托夫
潘旭海
蒋军成
ZANG Xiao-wei;SHEN Rui-qi;YURTOV E V;PAN Xu-hai;JIANG Jun-cheng(College of Safety Science and Engineering,Nanjing Tech University,Nanjing 211816,China;School of Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University of Science&Technology,Nanjing 210094,China;Institute of Modlern Energetics and Nanomalterials,D.Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia,Moscow 125047,Russian Federation)
出处
《安全与环境学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第6期2456-2464,共9页
Journal of Safety and Environment
关键词
安全管理工程
俄罗斯
兵器工业
事故数据
统计分析
safety control
Russia
ordnance industry
accident statistics
statistical analysis
