摘要
明清时期,读书人一般需通过院试、乡试、会试和殿试才能成为进士。院试选拔生员,其主要依据是考生正场试卷的得分,兼顾考生平日声誉;考官评阅试卷与平日读文章有一些不容忽略的区别。院试重点考察应试者的天分和文字驾驭能力,出"小题"较多;乡试重点考察应试者对儒学经典的整体把握和系统阐释能力,通常都是典雅宏大、内容完整的题目,即所谓"大题"。明清会元的选拔,有其特殊的标准和难度:既要大雅平正,又不能平凡平庸,不能有"大众脸";既要自出胸臆,又要有规矩可循,不能剑走偏锋,其间的分寸很难把握。主考官选拔时往往全力以赴,以期不辱使命。
Scholars become Jinshi only after passing Elementary Examination,Provincial Examination,National Examination and Palace Examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties.The main basis for the selection of students in the Elementary Examination is the scores of the candidates on the test papers,and the reputation of the candidates is taking into account as well.There are some differences between the examiner’s review of test papers and the daily reading of articles that cannot be ignored.The Elementary Examination focuses on examining the examinees’talents and writing ability with more small subjects.The Provincial Examination focuses on the examinees’ability to overall grasp of Confucian classics and explain them systematically,which usually concerns more elegant,grand and complete topics called huge subjects.The selection of Huiyuan had its own special standards and difficulties.It must be elegant and normal,neither mediocre nor common.The standard is difficult to grasp that it must come from original with rules.Examiners often go all out to fulfill their missions.
作者
陈文新
潘志刚
Chen Wenxin;Pan Zhigang(Wuhan University;Huanggang Normal University)
出处
《写作》
2020年第6期14-21,共8页
Writing
基金
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“科举文化与明清知识体系研究”(16JJD750022)
教育部人文社会青年项目“明代进士策整理与研究”(20YJC751019)。
关键词
明清科举
院试
乡试
会试
命题特征
阅卷标准
Imperial Examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Elementary Examination
Provincial Examination
National Examination
Propositional Features
Marking Standard
