摘要
府县是明清基本行政区,其首脑知府、知县,通称府县官,是将朝廷政令付诸执行的责任人,与民最近,号称“父母”。这种既为首脑,又为“父母”的地位,也使得他们不得不面对治下的各级官吏和属民,故此讲究制驭与安抚之道,也是对下政务运作的总体要求。府县官的出身不同,在实行回避制度的情况下,来到自己原本不熟悉的地方,要想实现制驭与安抚之道,很大程度取决于个人的能力。君主专制政体原本就依赖于人治,而人治的特点是依靠个人的才能、品德、理念来实施权力,进而导致府县官对下政务运作既存在制度的因素,也有个人的智慧。从文书种类、相见礼数、催征科役等方面,既可以了解对下政务运作的情况,又可以看到地方治理的问题。
In the era of Ming and Qing Dynasties,the magistrates of the prefectures and counties were responsible for the implementation of imperial orders and policies.They were often called“parent officials”of the local people because of their close and regular contacts to the people.Such a position made them pay attention to both social control and pacification.With different backgrounds and taking offices in places other than their hometowns,these magistrates’performances were largely relied on their personal abilities.Examinations of the governmental documentations,the meeting etiquette,and tax collection activities may help to understand their administrative operations in details.
作者
柏桦
李静
Bai Hua;Li Jing(School of Marxism Studies&College of Humanities and Social Sciences,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Huainan,Anhui,232001,China;Macao University of Science and Technology,Macao)
出处
《古代文明》
CSSCI
2021年第1期126-136,M0006,M0007,共13页
The Journal of Ancient Civilizations
关键词
下行文书
礼遇下属
催科
政务运作
Official documents to inferior levels
courtesy to subordinates
taxation
administrative operations
