摘要
性骚扰是美国社会中普遍存在的一种人权侵害现象,也是民权法案涉及的核心议题。在"平等权利"的宪法原则指导之下美国的人权法治化进程经历了民族独立、废除黑人奴隶制度、争取种族平等权利和反对性别歧视四个阶段,完成了几部具有里程碑意义的法律文件——《独立宣言》、《权利法案》、《解放黑人奴隶宣言》、罗斯福"四大自由"的国情咨文或"第二权利法案"以及《1964年民权法案》。在法律文件谱系中,从"生命、自由和追求幸福"到"言论自由、宗教信仰自由、免于匮乏的自由和免于恐惧的自由"是一种普遍人权观念的表述,而禁止"因种族、肤色、宗教、性别或民族而形成的歧视性待遇"则是更加具体化的民权,它以第七章专门条款的形式写入《1964年民权法案》,而在涉嫌民权侵害的判例中,第七章的司法解释和法律适用最集中的就是违反"平等权利"原则的"性骚扰案"。在"亚历山大诉耶鲁大学"案和"美驰银行诉文森"案这两个经典判例中,"性骚扰"以一种特殊的民事侵权类型在美国司法体制中得以确立,形成"交易型性骚扰"和"敌意环境型性骚扰"两个基本形态,其特色是作为加害方的性强势者为权力持有者,而被侵害方则为性弱势的自然权利持有者,故诉讼的客体是雇主——性强势方的权力赋予者,侵权发生的缘由则与就业密切相关且案发地多为工作场所。性骚扰侵权与传统刑法的强奸罪不同,因当事人不平等的身份",同意"不作为侵权排除要件,举证责任倒置,以明示雇主作为性强势赋权者的积极义务;工作环境恶化亦可以成为被侵害人的申诉理由,司法救济亦可以在补偿之外追加赔偿。反性骚扰的法治化进程不仅推进了美国社会的"性正义"议程,而且对基于联合国宪章精神的国际人权事业亦有积极的启发意义。
Sexual harassment is a popular human rights violation in American society,which also constitutes a kernel theme relative to civil rights acts.Motivated by the constitutional doctrine of affirmative action,the legal progress has undergone the four phases in national independence,emancipation of black slaves,struggle for racial equality,and anti-sex discrimination and several monumental legal documents are thus established including The Declaration of Independence,The Bill of Rights,The Emancipation Proclamation,Roosevelt’s The Four Freedoms in the State of the Union,or The Second Bill of Rights,and The Civil Rights Act of 1964.In these genealogy of documents,civil rights has been the logical outcome from the right to"life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness",then to"freedom of speech,freedom of worship,freedom from want,and freedom from fear"as human rights,and consequently to"the unlawful discrimination against any individual because his/her race,color,religion,sex,or national origin"in the form of civil rights enacted in TitleⅦ,the Civil Rights Act of 1964.In the case relating civil rights violation,the sexual harassment is the focused case interpreted and implemented to TitleⅦjustified by equal right principle.In both Alexander v.Yale and Meritor Savings Bank v.Vinson,sexual harassment has been established as two basic types of civil rights violation in American law;and they are officially accounted as"quid pro quo"and"hostile environment harassment".In the sexual harassment,the offender is acknowledged as the power-holder while the victim the right-holder,thereby the employer which empowers the offender is liable for the complaint or suit in addition to such violation often occurs at workplace.Sexual harassment is different from rape in that the two parties have different status in the case,"consent"of the victim will not be accepted as legitimate term to vindicate the accused,and the burden of proof should be shifted back to employer as the positive obligation for its authorized agent.In addition to th
作者
单纯
SHAN Chun(Institute of Human Rights,Chinese University of Political Science and Law)
出处
《中国政法大学学报》
CSSCI
2020年第4期15-32,206,共19页
Journal Of CUPL