摘要
湿婆教派作为印度教的主要派别之一,与毗湿奴教派、帕克蒂教派并称印度教三大教派。悉檀多支派是湿婆教派的主要支派之一,产生于北印度克什米尔地区,后逐步向中印度和南印度传播。公元8~12世纪,悉檀多支派处于全面兴盛的阶段,其势力范围扩展到整个印度次大陆。12世纪后期开始,悉檀多支派在中印度和北印度逐渐衰退,最终在泰米尔地区得以存续和发展。本文以12世纪末为界,将公元5~19世纪的悉檀多支派分为前、后期两个发展阶段:5~12世纪为前期发展阶段,是该支派的繁荣时期,其信徒遍布全印;13~19世纪为后期发展阶段,是该支派的式微——复兴发展时期,主要存续于南印度。文章主要研究后期发展阶段,即从该支派开始式微到扎根发展于南印度这一阶段。这期间,北印度和中印度的悉檀多支派几近匿迹;南印度涌现出一批重要的宗教理论家;《迈坎达经》的成型标志着该支派宗教哲学理论的最终成熟;阿戈拉的《敬拜指导》和迈坎达的《湿婆真谛》等明确了该支派的宗教仪式规范。从印度教王国统治时期,到莫卧儿王朝时期,再到英国殖民统治时期,该派在南印度一直处于正常发展的态势。悉檀多支派在印度次大陆以外的地区也有一定的影响。13~14世纪,该支派成为斯里兰卡北部最重要的宗教派别;20世纪,随着大批印度移民信徒,该支派传播到欧美地区,在这些地区产生了一定影响。
As a major religious school in India,Saivism has been ranked as one of the three largest religious schools,with the other two schools being Vaisnavism and Saktism.Siddhanta Saivism is a major sect of Saivism,which originated from Kashmir region,and was then spread into middle and south India,was fully developed between 8th and 12th century.Since late 12th century,it declined in central and northern India,only survived in Tamil region at last.Taking the end of the 12th century as the boundary,the author divides the development of the branch into two stages:the early stage and the later stage.The early stage is from 5th century to 12th century,when Siddhanta Saivism developed rapidly,with followers all over India.From 13th century to 19th century is the later stage.At this stage,Siddhanta Saivism disappeared in North and Central India,while a number of important religious theorists have emerged in south India.Meikanda Sastras,which systematically discusses the theories of Siddhanta Saivism,had also been formed,marking the final maturity of the theory.The religious ritual described in Agora’s Kriyakramadyotika and Meikanda’s Sivajnana Botham were accepted by Siddhanta Saivism in Tamil area,and gradually became the main basis for the worship ceremony.From the reign of Hindu kingdom,to British colonial period,this sect has always been in fine development in South India.From 13th to 14th century,this sect became the most important religion in northern Sri Lanka.In the 20th century,as a large number of Indian immigrants came to Europe and the United States,this sect developed in these countries,too.
出处
《南亚东南亚研究》
2020年第4期108-118,156,157,共13页
South and Southeast Asian Studies
