摘要
公民通信权旨在保护私人通信空间。私人通信空间不等于存在于这一空间下的隐私、个人信息或言论,它们分属不同权利的保护范围。我国《宪法》第40条对通信权的构造,采取了“完全宪法保留”模式,保护程度远高于隐私权、个人信息权或言论自由。一方面,我国《宪法》第40条的“除……不能以任何理由”的绝对性表述,构筑了“权利孤岛”,排除了合理权衡,难以适应现代通信越来越强的公共属性要求。另一方面,刑法保护滞后使得刑法震慑缺失,助长了对这一规定的常态性违反。并且,在非均衡保护格局下,对我国《宪法》第40条的违反还可获得那些限制较小的权利规范的支持。我国《宪法》第40条设置的高强度保护网,面临虚置危险。为应对这一危险,同时亦为实现通信权在个体自由和公共性之间的价值平衡,促进其从消极的对抗国家功能迈向积极的社会整合功能,可考虑将这一规定调整为“部分宪法保留+法律保留”模式,在国家安全和追查刑事犯罪领域,继续遵循宪法保留;在有限的公共利益领域,授权法律根据通信空间的公共程度制定检查规则,实现个人利益与公共利益的协调。
The Citizen's right of communication aims to protect the private communication space.Private communication space is not equal to the privacy,personal information or speech existed in such space;they are protected by different rights.Article 40 of the Constitution of China adopts such mode of"full constitution reservation"to construct the right of communication that the degree of its protection is higher than the protection of privacy,personal information right or freedom of speech.On one hand,such sort of absolute discourse as"Except...there is no reason"constructs"an island of right"and excludes the reasonable weighing,so it hardly meets the requirements of the increasingly strong public attribute of the modern communication;On the other hand,the laggard protection by criminal law leads to the lack of deterrence,which encourages the frequent violation of Article 40.Moreover,under the situation of unbalanced protection,the violation of Article 40 is supported by those right norms with less limitation.The high-intensity protecting net set up in Article 40 is in danger of being practically invalid.As a response to such risk,and in order to achieve the value balance between individual freedom and public nature for the right of communication so as to promote its transformation of function from the negative confrontation with the country to the positive social integration,Article 40 may be revised to adopt the mode of"partial constitution reservation+legal reservation".Namely,in the field of national security and the investigation of criminal offence,the constitution reservation is continuously remained.In the field of limited public interest,the law is authorized to include rules on inspection according to the degree of public nature of the communication space so as to realize the coordination of personal interest and public interest.
出处
《政治与法律》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第7期85-97,共13页
Political Science and Law
基金
华中科技大学一流文科建设计划(智库建设与社会服务能力提升计划)“教育部教育立法研究基地”的阶段性成果。
关键词
公民通信权
通信秘密
私人通信空间
完全宪法保留
非均衡保护
Citizen's Right of Communication
Communication Secret
Private Communication Space
Full Constitution Reservation
Unbalanced Protection
