摘要
在汉语拼音出现之前,用汉字为民族语和外国语注音时,如何标注“此方无”音节的读音是古今翻译家面临的最大难题。唐宋时期的经师们往往用“加口旁”、创制“切身字”和加注“二合”等形式为梵文陀罗尼注音,并逐渐形成了梵汉对音规范。梵汉对音法在西夏新译汉文佛经陀罗尼中得以继承,并被巧妙地运用于《番汉合时掌中珠》的夏汉对音和西夏文佛经陀罗尼的梵夏对音当中,且用“大字加小字”注音形式代替了加注“二合”的形式。文章梳理了西夏对梵汉对音法的系统继承与创新,认为西夏首次创造性地把梵汉对音法运用于汉语与民族语、民族语与梵语对音中,开启了元明清时期汉语与民族语对音字书的注音体例。明清时期编订的“华夷译语”类字书均延续了唐宋以来定型的梵汉对音法,并吸收了西夏“大字加小字”的拼合注音形式。
Before the emergence of pinyin,when using Chinese characters for transcribing non-Chinese languages,how to mark the pronunciation of“absent in this language”is the most important problem that translators have faced since ancient times.The scripture translators in the Tang and Song dynasties often used the method of adding the Chinese radical kou(口),creation of the qieshen characters,and adding to the characters of the“double-liaison”(二合)for transcribing Sanskrit dharanis,and gradually formed the Sanskrit-Chinese transcription norms.The Sanskrit transcription method in the newly translated Chinese dharanis in the Tangut Dynasty was inherited from the Central Plains,and it was skillfully applied to the Tangut-Chinese transcription in The Pearl on the Palm and the Sanskrit-Tangut transcription in dharanis,the phonetic form of“a big character plus a smaller one”was used instead of the form of“double-liaison”.This article sorts out the systematic inheritance and innovation of the method of Sanskrit-Chinese transliteration in Tangut Dynasty,and considers that they creatively applied the method of Sanskrit-Chinese transliteration to the minority languages-Chinese,Sanskritminority languages transcription for the first time,and initiated the stylistic rules of transcription in the books of Chineseminority languages in Yuan,Ming and Qing periods.Chinese transcriptions in Huayi Yiyu compiled in Ming and Qing Dynasty,accepted the methods of Sanskrit-Chinese transcription having been established since the Tang and Song dynasties,and the phonetic combination form“a big character plus a smaller one”originated in Tangut Dynasty.
作者
孙伯君
SUN Bo-jun(School of Ethnology,North Minzu University,Yinchuan 750021,China;Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)
出处
《北方民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第2期122-127,共6页
Journal of North Minzu University(Philosophy and Social Science)
基金
国家社会科学基金项目“西夏文《大宝积经》整理研究集成”(16BMZ026)。
关键词
梵汉对音
切身字
大字加小字
“华夷译语”
Sanskrit-Chinese Transcription
Qieshen characters
Big Character Plus Smaller One
Huayi Yiyu
