摘要
目的:探讨我国高水平跳远运动员助跑过程中步态变化特点及其对助跑速度的影响。方法与内容:采用分段录像解析法对2018年全国田径锦标赛跳远项目决赛男、女前8名运动员全程助跑不同阶段的步长、步频、步速、下肢对称性和分段速度进行研究。结果:1)男子在后程助跑中增速18.9%,步长和步频增幅分别为7.4%和12.4%;女子后程增速12%,步长和步频增幅分别为8.3%和14.5%;56.25%的运动员在前程助跑中表现出步长倾向,87.5%的运动员在后程助跑中表现出步频倾向;2)非起跳腿在步频和步速上更具优势,起跳腿的优势仅体现在步长上,非对称性并未对造成双侧下肢在步长、步频和步速上的显著差异,并且与踏板准确性和助跑速度无相关关系;3)步态变化和下肢非对称性并未造成助跑水平速度上的损失,运动员均在板前10~0 m和最后2步内达到最大速度。结论:1)步频是跳远项目增速的主导变量,但是在不同助跑阶段又具有不同的表现形式。在前程助跑逐渐增加步长提高速度,在后程助跑中保持或略有增加步长的前提下,逐渐加快步频以达到最大速度是全程助跑的节奏模式;2)教练员在助跑训练中应考虑全程助跑的步态变化特点,并根据运动员前、后程助跑步数,在助跑训练中给与相应的提示,前程助跑中注意加大蹬地力量加大步长,后程助跑中应注意加快动作速率,强调神经系统的兴奋性,加快步频。
Objective:To explore the influence of gait characteristics on the approach speed of high-level long jump athletes in China.Methods:Utilizing segmentation video analysis method to study the step length, stride frequency, pace and segmentation speed of 16 athletes in different stages of approach.Results:1) The speed growth rate of men in late approach was 18.9%, contribution rate of SL and SF was 7.4% and 12.4% respectively;The speed growth rate of women in late approach was 12%, and the contribution rate of SL and SF was 8.3% and 14.5% respectively;56.25% of the athletes showed a tendency to SL in the early approach, and 87.5% of the athletes showed a tendency to SF in late approach;2) The NP side is more advantageous in the SF and the SV. The advantage of P side is only reflected in the SL, and the asymmetry exertion of force does not cause the differencein the symmetry of the lower limb,and has no relationship with board accuracy and approach speed;3) Gait changes and lower limb asymmetry did not cause loss of horizontal speed. All athletes reached the maximum speed in the 10-0 m and the last 2 steps. Conclusion: 1) The stride frequency is the dominant variable of the long jump speed,but it has different forms in different approach stages. The rhythm mode of the whole run-up is to gradually increase the stride length in the early approach and speed up the stride frequency to achieve the maximum speed while maintaining or slightly increasing the stride length in the late approach;2) Coaches should consider the gait change characteristics of the full approach in approach training,and give corresponding tips in approach training according to the number of approach steps of athletes in different approach stage. They should pay attention to increasing push strength and step length in early approach and accelerating action speed,emphasizing excitement of nervous system and accelerating stride frequency in late approach.
作者
王国杰
章碧玉
彭秋艳
邹吉玲
WANG Guo-jie;ZHANG Bi-yu;PENG Qiu-yan;ZOU Ji-ling(College of Competitive Sports,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China)
出处
《山东体育学院学报》
北大核心
2019年第5期103-110,共8页
Journal of Shandong Sport University
关键词
跳远
全程助跑
步态变化
对称性
助跑速度
long jump
full approach
gait characteristics
symmetry
approach speed
