摘要
在个案中判断第三人承诺履行债务的意思表示构成保证抑或债务加入,原则上应依"保证"或"债务加入"的明确措辞进行相应的定性,除非存在承诺内容与措辞矛盾、措辞具有多义或歧义性等足以支持偏离文义进行解释的特别情事。在文义解释无果之情形,履行顺位之约定可以排除债务加入,不以债务人届期未履行作为第三人履行债务的条件可以排除保证,第三人自身对债务履行是否具有直接和实际的经济利益、第三人履行债务是否具有确定性均不足以完全区分保证和债务加入,此时宜就个案全部情事进行综合判断。为增强法律适用的便利性和裁判结果的可预见性,同时避免具有保护保证人作用的保证法律规范被规避,加强对单方承诺负担义务之第三人的保护,于存疑之际宜推定为保证,最高人民法院确立的债务加入推定规则缺乏正当性。
In the case of judging,whether the third party’s commitment to perform the debt constitutes cumulative assumption of debt or surety,in principle it should be characterized according to the explicit wording of"cumulative assumption of debt"or "surety"unless there are special circumstances,such as contradiction between the promised content and the wording,ambiguity of the wording,which are sufficient to support the interpretation deviating from the meaning of the text. In the case where a proper conclusion is unable to draw,the promise of performance order can exclude the cumulative assumption of debt,and the surety can be excluded if a third party should perform even without the debtor’s failure to perform. Whether the third party has direct and actual economic interests and whether the third party’s performance of the debt is certain are not enough to completely distinguish between the two. Thereafter it is advisable to make a comprehensive judgment on all the circumstances of the case. In order to enhance the convenience of the application of the law and the predictability of the judgment results,to avoid the circumvention of the surety laws protecting the surety,and to strengthen the protection of the third party who is obligated to unilaterally undertake the obligation,it should be presumed to be a surety when doubts arise. The presumption of cumulative assumption of debt established by the Supreme People’s Court lacks legitimacy.
作者
夏昊晗
XIA Haohan(Lecturer of Law School of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law)
出处
《法学家》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第6期102-113,194,共13页
The Jurist
关键词
债务加入
保证
利益标准
履行顺位
推定保证
Cumulative Assumption of Debt
Surety
Criterion of Interests
Performance Order
Presumption of Surety
