摘要
关键金属作为全球高科技产业不可或缺的战略性资源,其成矿作用及找矿勘查均是目前国际矿床学领域关注的热点。近年来,中国在关键金属Li、Rb、Nb、Ta、W、Sn、Ni、Co、Mn和离子吸附型稀土矿找矿勘查及成矿作用研究方面取得了一系列重要突破和认识。文章初步系统地总结了中国进入21世纪以来不同类型关键金属矿床的主要勘查成果及全球关键金属矿产研究新进展。在前人研究基础上,研究总结认为锂循环与成矿主要在上地壳内部,而REE在大陆聚合与裂解以及壳幔之间循环并成矿。针对主要关键金属矿床的成矿作用和成矿环境,并考虑共伴生特点,将主要的关键金属矿床划分为8种成因类型:①与花岗岩-伟晶岩有关的W、Sn、Nb、Ta、Li、Rb、Cs、Be矿床;②与碳酸岩-碱性岩有关的REE、Nb、U矿床;③与镁铁质-超镁铁质岩有关的Ni、Co、Cr、Pt族元素矿床;④低温热液型Tl、Te矿床;⑤多种类型热液矿床中的伴生组分,包括Re、Ge、In、Cd、Tl、Te、Se、Sc、Ga等;⑥表生沉积型(包括铝土矿和煤矿中的伴生组分)矿床,例如Mn、V、Ni、Mo、Co、Li、Ga、Tl、Ge、V、Sc、Nb、Ta等;⑦与表生盐湖有关的Li、Rb、Cs矿床;⑧与表生风化作用有关的离子吸附型REE矿床。希望该分类能作为新一轮关键矿产研究的基础。
Critical metals as the essential strategic resources for global high-technology applications, their metallogene-sis and exploration are hot topics all over the world. In recent years, China has made a series of important breakthroughs and achievements on the exploration and metallogenic studies of critical metals. Here, we systematically summarized the main achievements on the exploration in China and new research progresses on metallogenic studies of critical metals comprising Li, Rb, Nb, Ta, W, Sn, Ni, Co, Mn and ion absorbed REE over the word in the 21 st century. Based on previous researches, we proposed that lithium ore-forming mainly occurs in upper crust whereas REE ore-forming is related to assembly and splitting up of continents and the interaction between the crust and mantle.Considering the metallogenesis, metallogenic environment and the characteristics of metal assemblage, we divide the main critical mineral deposits into eight genetic types:(1) granite-pegmatite-related W, Sn, Nb, Ta, Li, Rb, Cs, Be deposits;(2) Carbonatite-alkaline complexes-related REE, Nb, U deposits;(3) Mafic-ultramafic complexes-related Ni, Co, Cr, PGE deposits;(4) Low-temperature hydrothermal Tl, Te deposits;(5) Recoveries as by-products in various hydrothermal deposits(e.g., Re, Ge, In, Cd, Tl, Te, Se, Sc, Ga, etc.);(6) Sedimentary ore deposits, including the byproducts recovered from bauxite and coal deposits(e.g., Mn, V, Ni, Mo, Co, Li, Ga, Tl, Ge, V, Sc, Nb, Ta, etc.);(7) The Li-Rb-Cs deposits associated with salt lakes;(8) The ion adsorpted REE deposits associated with weathering. We suggest the classification could be the base for new turn researches of critical mineral deposits.
作者
毛景文
袁顺达
谢桂青
宋世伟
周琦
高永宝
刘翔
付小方
曹晶
曾载淋
李通国
樊锡银
MAO JingWen;YUAN ShunDa;XIE GuiQing;SONG ShiWei;ZHOU Qi;GAO YongBao;LIU Xiang;FU XiaoFang;CAO Jing;ZENG ZaiLin;LI TongGuo;FAN XiYin(MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China;Xi’an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710054, Shaan’xi, China;Hunan Geological Bureau of Nuclear Industry, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China;Geological Survey of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, China;Southern Jiangxi Geological Survey Party of JBEDGMR, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China;Geological Survey of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China;No. 7 Geological Survey Party, Zhejiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Hangzhou 681818, Zhejiang, China)
出处
《矿床地质》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第5期935-969,共35页
Mineral Deposits
基金
中国地质调查局中国地质科学院基本科研业务费课题（编号：JYYWF20180601）
国家自然科学基金国际（地区）合作与交流项目（编号：41820104010）
国家自然科学基金重点项目（编号：41430314）的联合资助
关键词
地质学
关键金属
战略资源
找矿突破
研究新进展
成因类型
geology
critical metals
stragetic resources
breakthough on exploration
new research progresses
genetic type
