摘要
铊是一种剧毒重金属,因其独特理化特性,易导致急慢性中毒。铊广泛存在于自然环境中且含量很低,但含铊矿产资源的开发、加工和利用等人类活动显著增加了环境中铊负荷,导致大气、土壤、耕地和水源等被污染,严重危害生态环境。近年来,许多高铊环境污染地区在多个国家被发现,各国已积极采取措施治理。铊富集在植物可食部分,主要通过食物链进入人体,蓄积在骨骼、肾脏、肝脏和中枢神经系统等多个器官,而且能穿过胎盘屏障、血脑屏障。环境铊暴露可导致地方性铊中毒,影响胎儿、幼儿生长发育等,而且研究还表明近年来人群铊浓度呈上升趋势,铊对人类健康的长期潜在危害无法估量。综上,鉴于环境铊污染及其对人体健康的危害已成为重要的公共卫生问题,本文简要介绍了铊的来源、应用及污染现状等,总结了其在大气、土壤、耕地、水源中的污染状况,重点阐述了铊对生态环境和人体健康的危害,指出了目前研究存在的不足,以期为深入研究铊对健康的危害和采取有效防治措施提供参考依据。
Thallium (TI) is a highly toxic heavy metal. Due to its unique physical and chemical characteristics, it is easy to cause acute and chronic TI poisoning. It is generally present in the environment at low levels;however, emissions from anthropogenic activities including exploitation, processing, and utilization of TI mineral resources lead to obviously increased concentrations of TI in the environment and contaminate air, soil, farmland, and water, seriously jeopardizing the ecological environment. Nowadays, many countries have found multiple high-TI contaminated zones, and have put forward measures to control environmental TI contamination. TI accumulates in the edible parts of plants and enters the human body through the food chain. It is stored in bones, kidneys, liver, central nervous system, and other organs, and can cross the placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier. Exposure to TI at an environmental level can lead to endemic TI poisoning, and affect the growth and development of fetuses and infants, etc. Besides, studies have shown that the concentration of TI in the population has been on the rise in recent years. Thus, the long-term harm of TI on human health may be incalculable. Environmental TI pollution and its damage to human health have become an essential public health issue. In this review, we briefly introduced TI sources, its application, and current pollution status;summarized TI induced pollutions in atmosphere, soil, farmland, and water;underscored its harm to ecological environment and human health;and pointed out the limitations of current studies. Overall, we aimed to provide references for further research on the adverse health impacts of TI and taking effective prevention and remediation measures.
作者
段维霞
宋云波
周取
DUAN Wei-xia;SONG Yun-bo;ZHOU Qu(Center of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Chongqing 400060, China)
出处
《环境与职业医学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第9期884-889,F0004,共7页
Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
基金
重庆市委属单位能力提升计划(2019NLTS006)
关键词
铊
环境污染
健康危害
地方性铊中毒
thallium
environmental pollution
health hazard
endemic thallium poisoning
