摘要
明太祖朱元璋曾将礼制话语权假之于臣,依靠儒臣议礼,但儒臣纯用礼制的规则并不尽切于时用,也不尽符合皇权的利益,因此朱元璋在礼学知识逐渐充实后毅然夺回礼制话语权,其背后潜藏的规则是皇权优先于礼制。成化朝,随着儒臣群体的壮大,以谏诤为忠的政治风气形成,出现了群臣首次争礼的现象,迫使宪宗遵守现行礼制,礼制话语权再度下移。至世宗以外藩入继大统,儒臣对世宗做出一系列强势礼制安排,这与世宗追伸孝道和提升皇权的礼制需求相悖,由此引发君臣间激烈的礼仪冲突。世宗以皇权为依托,采取一系列行政手段打击持礼力量,最终夺回礼制话语权。这说明在帝制政体下,儒臣捍卫礼制虽有深厚的历史与思想资源可供援用,但礼制并不能超越现实的政治权力格局成为最高的政治准则,而是要为皇权做出调适,成为辅翼皇权的工具。
Ming Taizu once relied on Confucian officials to discuss rites, but the Confucian officials used the rules of rites purely conservatively, which was not always in line with the interests of the imperial power. Ming Taizu resolutely took back the discourse power of rites after gradually enriching the knowledge of rites. In Chenghua dynasty, the phenomenon of courtiers competing for rites appeared for the first time, which forced Xian zong to abide by the present rites system, and the discourse right of rites system was lowered again. When Shi zong succeeded to the throne, the Confucian officials made a series of strong ritual arrangements for Shi zong, triggering fierce etiquette conflicts between the emperor and his ministers. Relying on the imperial power, Shi zong adopted a series of administrative means to fight against the power of holding rites, and finally regained the right to speak of rites. It shows that under the imperial regime, the ritual system cannot surpass the actual political power pattern and become the highest political standard, but should adjust for the imperial power and become the tool for the auxiliary imperial power.
作者
吴恩荣
WU En-rong(Zhaoqing Institute of Economic,Social and Historical Culture,Zhaoqing University,Zhaoqing 526061,China)
出处
《北京社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第10期35-45,共11页
Social Sciences of Beijing
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“明代政治中的礼仪实践与秩序维护研究”(18YJC770036)
关键词
明代礼制
话语权
大礼
议嘉靖
Etiquette
In the Ming Dynasty
right to speak
Daliyi
Jiajing
