摘要
构建体现效率与促进公平的收入分配体系应优先消除机会不平等。本文依托Roemer的“环境—努力”二元分析框架,充分考虑环境与努力因素对收入的交互影响,基于事前参数法,结合CGSS2008-2015调查数据测度了中国收入分配中的机会不平等程度,并对其生成源泉与作用渠道进行分解研究。具体而言,一方面,运用Shapley值分解法获取中国机会不平等生成的环境因素贡献程度,突出揭示性别、城乡户籍与年龄(出生队列)三大源泉因素作用的群组差异;另一方面,结合个体生命周期进程特点,构建多层次的反事实收入,依次分解出环境因素如何通过教育与就业渠道来间接发挥作用。结果发现:机会不平等占比逐年下降,其中,农村高于城镇,女性高于男性,80后群体低于50后至70后群体;机会不平等生成源泉中,个体特征类因素是影响最大的一类环境因素,其中,户籍导致的机会不平等程度在逐年下降,年龄的作用在逐年增加,性别变量在80后群体机会不平等生成中的作用远小于50后至70后群体;在作用渠道中,教育间接渠道占机会不平等的36%—39%并逐渐降低,就业间接渠道变动较小且差异化不太明显。本文的研究结论为全面认识机会不平等提供了一个新视角,对于合理削减机会不平等具有一定的政策启示。
Building an income distribution system that reflects efficiency and promotes fairness should prioritize the elimination of inequality of opportunity. Based on Roemer’s “circumstance-effort” binary analysis framework, this paper fully considers the interaction between circumstances and efforts on income. We measure the degree of inequality of opportunity(IO) in China’s income distribution and decompose the generating sources and channels based on ex-ante method, combining with CGSS2008-2015 data. Specifically, on the one hand, the Shapley value decomposition is used to obtain the contribution of every circumstance and the group differences of the three major sources of gender, hukou and age (birth queue) are highlighted;on the other hand, combined with characteristics of life cycle, building the multi-level counterfactual income to get the indirect channel of education and occupation. The results show that the proportion of IO declines year by year, among which rural IO is higher than urban IO, female IO is higher than male, and IO of 80s’ is lowest. In the generating sources, individual characteristics are the most influential ones. The degree of IO caused by hukou is decreasing year by year;the role of age is increasing and the role of gender in the 80s is much smaller than that in 50s-70s. In channels, indirect education channel accounts for 36%-39% of inequality of opportunitity and gradually decreases. In addition, the indirect occupation channel is less changed and the differentiation is not obvious. The conclusions provide a new perspective for comprehensive understanding of of opportunity inequality and have certain policy implications for its reasonable reduction.
作者
李莹
吕光明
LI Ying;LYU Guang-ming(China Development Research Foundation,Beijing 100011,China;Statistics School of Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)
出处
《中国工业经济》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第9期60-78,共19页
China Industrial Economics
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“贫困退出考核评估的统计测度研究”(批准号17ZDA095)
全国统计科学研究重点项目“收入分配领域机会不平等的测度与分解研究”(批准号2018LZ29)
关键词
家庭背景
城乡差异
收入分配不平等
机会不平等
background of family
difference between rural and urban
inequality of income distribution
inequality of opportunity
