摘要
反措施作为一项习惯国际法规则,在网络空间这一新兴科技领域的适用面临一系列新的挑战和问题。归因是首要难题;审慎义务解决了"有效控制"标准门槛过高的问题,却有可能扩大国家责任范围,因此实践中应以国家知悉网络攻击发生为限。反措施的程序性要件在网络空间缺乏可操作性和可行性。作为实体性要件的相称性原则是采取反措施必须遵循的基本原则,但是如何判断"相称"却缺乏明确的标准和规则。因此,反措施适用于网络空间充满不确定性并极富争议,具体规则仍处于演变和形成之中。
As a customary international law, countermeasure is an old institution. Its application in the cyber domain faces new challenges and issues as cyberspace was created by relatively new technologies. The most difficult problem is the attribution of internationally wrongful act to the state. Due diligence is susceptible to abuse as it significantly lowers the threshold of attribution established by the doctrine of effective control. It is submitted that the precondition for state responsibility for non-state actors is the knowledge of such act. The procedural conditions are neither practical nor feasible in cyberspace.In addition, countermeasures must be proportional to the wrongful conducts.However, this proportionality test has generated much controversy because of the lack of clear guidance as to its application. Therefore the application of countermeasures in cyberspace remains highly uncertain and rules are still evolving.
出处
《武大国际法评论》
CSSCI
2019年第4期136-157,共22页
Wuhan University International Law Review
基金
司法部2017年度国家法治与法学理论研究课题(项目批准号:17SFB2044)的阶段性成果
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助
关键词
网络攻击
反措施
归因
相称性原则
审慎义务
cyber attack
countermeasures
attribution of internationally wrongful act
principle of proportionality
due diligence
