摘要
逃散是中世日本常见的民众抗争形式。早在律令制国家的时代,就已有零星的有关逃散的记录。而在中世社会,百姓逃散有从零星日益走向集体行动的趋势,具有固定的习惯和仪式。在权力“私有化”的中世,百姓逃散的处置办法,可以反映中世国家政治结构的演变。由于百姓逃散直接影响领主利益,地方领主和代官往往会采取残酷而激烈的惩罚措施。但幕府对逃散的态度相对而言具有弹性。在镰仓幕府时期,《御成败式目》一定程度上承认百姓的去留自由,有意限制在地领主权力;室町幕府颁布的“逃散许容禁令”禁止地方领主藏匿其他地方逃散而来的百姓,看似在禁止逃散,实则意在调整领主之间的利害关系。百姓逃散的形式和对策的变迁可以折射出日本中世国家权力结构内在的复杂性。
When writing the history of common people in Medieval Japan, one cannot overlook the importance of their "vote by foot" as a way of resistance to tyrannical rule. Beginning as a dispersed movement and growing into more organized form, such flight of commoners constitutes a reflection of political and social change in medieval Japan. It has fixed customs and ceremonies. An organized flight has its legitimacy and is admitted in principle by the Shogunate as long as the commoners involved have paid their annual due. Although it may lead to landlords' and feud managers' revenge and punishment, such practice remains an effective way of resistance throughout the medieval period. The interaction between central authority, local authority and people's communities and its change over time can be delineated clearly by analyzing this resistance practice and the counter-measures it provoked.
出处
《日本研究》
2019年第2期70-78,共9页
Japan Studies
关键词
中世日本
逃散
民众
幕府
领主
Medieval Japan
Vote by Foot
Common People
Shogunate
Landlord
