摘要
近年来,美国司法上的保守主义势头有所增强,在民商事管辖权领域尤为明显。美国民事诉讼管辖权理论在"二战"后一直推崇灵活的管辖规则,依照"联系理论"将自己的司法管辖权延伸到海外,被世界各国所批评。但近年来,美国联邦最高法院和下级法院在管辖权问题上不断发声:一方面,在2011年固特异案和2014年戴姆勒案中,联邦最高法院提出了"实质上在家"标准,这一标准将对公司行使一般管辖权的范围限制在公司注册地或其主要营业地;另一方面,许多下级法院转向适用"基于注册行为的同意理论"。虽然方式不同,但它们都有着明显的向属地主义回归的趋势,可以预见,未来美国对人管辖权理论很有可能将是属地主义理论和联系理论的整合。
In recent years, with the overall shift of American society to conservatism, the judicial conservatism has increased, which is particularly obvious in the field of civil and commercial jurisdiction. The jurisdiction theory in civil litigation in the United States has been advocating flexible jurisdictional rules since World War II. The United States extended its jurisdiction to overseas in accordance with "contacts" and was criticized by countries around the world. However, recently, the United States Supreme Court and the lower courts have been vocalizing on the issue of jurisdiction. On one hand, in the cases of Goodyear(2011) and Daimler(2014), the Supreme Court has presented the "essentially at home theory"which limits the scope of general jurisdiction over companies to the place of incorporation or its principal place of business. On the other hand, lower courts have turned to apply the "consent by registration theory". Although the means are different, there is a clear trend toward the return of territorialism in the results. The trend of future American personal jurisdiction theory would probably be the integration of territorialism and contacts.
作者
徐伟功
谢天骐
XU Weigong;XIE Tianqi
出处
《武大国际法评论》
CSSCI
2019年第3期65-80,共16页
Wuhan University International Law Review
关键词
对人管辖权
一般管辖权
保守主义
属地主义
personal jurisdiction
general jurisdiction
conservatism
territorialism
