摘要
With the objective to investigate the structure-reactivity relationship of CuO/SnO2 and eventually design more applicable catalysts for soot combustion,catalysts with different CuO loadings have been prepared by impregnation method.By using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy extrapolation methods,it is disclosed that CuO disperses finely on the SnO2 support to form a monolayer with a capacity of 2.09 mmol 100 m^-2,which equals 4.8 wt%CuO loading.When the CuO loading is below the capacity,it is in a sub-monolayer state.However,when the loading is above the capacity,CuO micro-crystallites will be formed that coexist with the CuO monolayer.The soot combustion activity of the catalyst increases with the CuO loading until it reaches the monolayer dispersion capacity.A further increase in the CuO loading has no evident influence on the activity.Raman results have testified that with the addition of CuO onto the SnO2 support,a surface-active oxygen species can be formed,the amount of which also increases significantly with the increase in the CuO loading until it reaches the monolayer dispersion capacity.Increasing the CuO loading further has no evident impact on the amount of surface oxygen.Therefore,an apparent monolayer dispersion threshold effect is observed for soot combustion over CuO/SnO2 catalysts.It is concluded that the amount of surface-active oxygen sites is the major factor determining the activity of the catalyst.
柴油发动机由于具有良好的动力和经济性等优势而得到广泛的应用,但排放的尾气中碳烟颗粒物(PM)却给人类健康和环境带来了严重的危害.目前PM污染的治理引起了广大科研工作者的关注.催化燃烧成为PM污染消除技术中最有效的方法.金属氧化物负载到载体上时,通常会出现单层分散现象,其单层分散容量可以通过XRD, XPS和Raman等外推法测定.此外,当负载体系用作某种反应的催化剂时,往往会表现出单层分散阈值效应,即阈值附近的催化剂通常具有较高的活性和选择性等.目前单层分散理论已被广泛接受,成为设计高性能催化材料的重要指导思想.在过去八年本课题组将SnO_2基催化材料用于多种环保和能源反应,并系统地探究了其催化性能.结果表明, SnO_2含有丰富的表面活泼氧和晶格氧,且热稳定性高,是一种优良的催化剂载体.基于单层分散理论,为获得更实用的PM燃烧催化剂,我们利用浸渍法设计制备了系列不同Cu O负载量的Cu O/SnO_2催化剂,并使用XRD, XPS, Raman, TEM, STEM-mapping,H2-TPR, soot-TPR和O2-TPD等手段深入研究了其构效关系.利用XRD和XPS外推法测得的Cu O高度分散在SnO_2载体表面,其单层分散阈值为2.09 mmol100m^(-2),即相当于4.8%CuO负载量.低于该负载量时, CuO以亚单层分散态存在;而高于该负载量时,形成的Cu O微晶和单层分散态的Cu O共存.在单层分散阈值之前,催化剂的碳烟燃烧活性随Cu O负载量的升高而上升;进一步提高CuO负载量对其活性无明显的影响.Raman结果表明,在单层分散阈值之前, CuO负载到SnO_2载体上可有效形成表面活泼氧中心,且其含量随Cu O负载量升高而增加;进一步提高Cu O负载量则对其含量无明显改变.因此,Cu O/SnO_2催化剂用于碳烟颗粒燃烧具有明显的阈值效应.以上结果表明,表面活泼氧中心含量是决定该催化剂活性的主要因素.
基金
supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21567016,21666020)
the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20181ACB20005,20171BAB213013,20181BCD40004,20181BAB203017)
the Innovation Fund Designated for Graduate Students of Jiangxi Province(YC2018-B015)
the Education Department Foundation of Jiangxi Province(KJLD14005)
the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities(2017002)~~
