摘要
【目的】种植业化肥施用量的变化不仅影响着我国化肥的供销平衡,还与环境安全密切相关。掌握种植业化肥施用状况是贯彻新发展理念,推进农业供给侧结构性改革的重要前提保障。【方法】本研究利用农业农村部339个国家级基层肥料信息网点调查数据,计算2014—2016年我国种植业化肥施用总量,并对主要农作物和不同区域化肥施用量和化肥施用品种分别进行统计分析。【结果】2014—2016年我国种植业化肥施用量分别为5989.7万t、6052.6万t和6041.4万t,其中三大粮食作物小麦、玉米、水稻年均化肥施用总量分别为728.3万t、1214.2万t和887.1万t,合计占到化肥施用总量的46.9%,华北、华中南和华东三个区域年均化肥施用总量分别为1603.1万t、1156.8万t和978.7万t,合计占到化肥施用总量的62.0%,复合(混)肥和尿素是农民最常购买的两种肥料,年均购买比例分别为76.8%和65.1%。【结论】我国种植业化肥施用量在2016年首次实现了零增长,化肥减量工作取得重要进展,但区域养分供应不平衡现象突出,主要表现为华北、华中南养分盈余较大,西南、西北养分供应不足。不同作物体系也存在施肥不平衡的问题,小麦、水稻基本合理,玉米和花生投入过量,甘蔗和棉花投入不足。建议国家加大力度推进测土配方施肥、机械施肥、有机肥替代化肥等高效施肥模式,促进化肥减量增效,助力乡村振兴战略实施。
【Objectives】Crop farming consumes the largest fertilizers in china.Variation in chemical fertilizer input will cause the vibration of the balance supplies and efficiencies of agricultural industry.Clarifying the status of fertilizer application in crop farming is the premise of implementing new development concept and promoting structural reform of the agricultural supply side.【Methods】In this paper,we used data collected from the state owned 339 retailers all over the country to calculate total amounts of fertilizers for planting crops in China from 2014 to 2016,analyzed changes in the main crops and different areas of chemical fertilizer application and fertilizer varieties over the past three years.【Results】The total chemical fertilizer amounts were 5989.7×10^4 tons,6052.6×10^4 tons and 6041.4×10^4 tons in crop farming from 2014 to 2016.Among them,the average annual application amounts of chemical fertilizers for wheat,corn and rice were 728.3×10^4 tons,1214.2×10^4 tons and 887.1×10^4 tons respectively,accounting for 46.9%of the total fertilizer application.The average annual application amounts of chemical fertilizers in the North China area,the Central and South China area and the East China area was 1603.1×10^4 tons,1156.8×10^4 tons and 978.7×10^4 tons respectively,accounting for 62.0%of the total fertilizer application.Farmers preferred to purchase compound fertilizers and urea,the average annual purchase ratios were 76.8%and 65.1%,respectively.【Conclusions】For the first time in China,the amount of planting fertilizer application has achieved zero growth in 2016,and fertilizer reduction has made important progress,however,imbalanced fertilization still existed in different regions.There were large surpluses in the North China and the Central and South China,and insufficient in the Southwest and Northwest China.In addition,different crop systems also had problems with unbalanced fertilization,as surpluses in corn and peanuts and insufficient in sugar cane and cotton.We suggest to im
作者
徐洋
杨帆
张卫峰
孟远夺
姜义
XU Yang;YANG Fan;ZHANG Wei-feng;MENG Yuan-duo;JIANG Yi(National Agricultural Technical Extension and Service Center,Beijing 100125,China;Cultivated Land Quality Monitoringand Protection Center,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100125,China;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100094,China;Yangzhou Stationof Farmland Quality Protection,Yangzhou,Jiangsu 225101,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第1期11-21,共11页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0201303)资助
关键词
化肥
种植业
施用状况
chemical fertilizer
crop farming
application status
