摘要
本文以历史人类学的视角讨论了阿来的四部长篇小说《格萨尔王》、《瞻对》、《尘埃落定》及《空山》(系列)。文章认为,康区历史上的空间感发生过重要转型,即从古代的四方四国模式收缩为晚期帝国及近现代时期的汉藏二元模式,再到当代的一元模式。与此相伴随,康区的时间也经历了不断规训的过程,即从循环的宗教时间转变为中原王朝的政治时间,再到现代线性时间。在上述转型之外,这些作品也分别暗含了空间里的中介与时间上的超越等另类时空发展模式。这一过程及结果既是康区的经验事实,也是历史叙事的功效。阿来的情感体验和文学追求是自下而上的,而其史观却相反。本文也考察了阿来这样的少数民族精英在建构关于本族群的文学化历史叙事中的复杂性。
Up to present the distinguished Tibetan writer Alai has published four full-length novels,namely,King Gesar,Nyarong(Zhandui),Red Poppies,and the Hollow Mountain series,which have,to a great extent,shaped outsiders’impressions of Kham,or Eastern Tibet,one of the three traditional divisions of“cultural Tibet”or“ethnographical Tibet”.Based on historical anthropological perspectives,this article examines the spatial and temporal dimensions of Kham history reflected from these four novels.On the one hand,it shows that the native Khampa’s senses of space referring to surrounding political entities has changed from an ancient model of“four regimes at four directions,”to a dual model related to central and the local Tibetan polities in late Imperial China and the Republican Period,and finally to the unitary model of a single central government in the contemporary period.On the other hand,this article also points out,Khampa have experienced a changing sense of time from circulatory Tibetan Buddhist time to the dynastic time-scale of Chinese Empires and finally to a modern linear time-scale.Beyond revealing the transformations in the spatial and temporary senses of Khampa people,Alai also implicitly demonstrates alternative models in Sino-Tibetan relations,as both historical reality and ideality:Spatially,the process of forced integration of Han Chinese and Tibetan people has simultaneously preserved a dialectical distinction,this distinction has been buffered and connected through the medium of the Khampa.Temporally,free borderland markets,acting the role of historical transcendence,have been protective and under control,especially for the sake of Tibetans.The above narratives consist of both the empirical facts and Alai’s expectations and constructions.On the one hand,as an ethnic-minority writer and native speaker of Tibetan dialect,Alai loves his siblings and tends to understand the conditions of the Tibetans from the bottom up,on the other hand,raised at a peripheral Tibetan village near the Han area
作者
郑少雄
ZHENG Shaoxiong(Institute of Sociology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
出处
《社会》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第2期84-110,共27页
Chinese Journal of Sociology
关键词
康区
汉藏关系
社会记忆
阿来
历史人类学
Kham
Han-Tibetan relationship
social memory
Alai
historical anthropology
