摘要
四川广汉三星堆出土的100余件凸目(立眼、纵目)青铜人像与现今流传于西南各省区和湖南、江西西部及东北部凸目(鼓目、突珠)面具惊人相似,是中国傩面具的一大类型。而陕西固城出土的商代青铜脸壳和江西新干出土的商代青铜双面人神器(镂空眼球),则与江西以东及其他省区流传的鼓眼(镂空眼球或眼白)面具也很相似,是中国傩面具另一类造型。这两类傩面具的盔帽冠饰的葵花纹、龙凤纹、鸟尾纹、兽面纹等也可在三星堆出土的青铜玉石人面像的兽首冠、高冠和太阳纹、鸟纹、回字纹等装饰中以及古籍文献中找到它们的源头。将大量的凸目傩面具和三星堆出土的纵目人像进行比对研究,有理由相信,商周时期的傩,无论是宫廷傩或民间傩,凸目(纵目)形象应是其傩面具中的一种主要类型和重要特征,而太阳神崇拜则是中国傩面具凸目造型的文化内涵,也是中国傩文化的重要文化内涵之一。
Surprising similarities are found among more than 100 proptosis bronze figures（ standing and extruding eyes）,excavated from Sanxingdui in Guanghan,Sichuan,and current proptosis masks（ extruding eyes and pointed beads） used in the southwest of China,Hunan and the west and the northeast of Jiangxi.This is a large type of Chinese Nuo Mask. Another type of Chinese Nuo masks,as found in the Shang Dynasty bronze masks excavated in Chenggu,Shaanxi,and the Shang Dynasty bronze double-faced human-god figure（ hollowed eyeballs） excavated in Xingan,Jiangxi,resemble to the extruding eyed masks（ hollowed eyeballs or the white of the eyes） seen in the east of Jiangxi and other provinces. The sun-flower pattern,dragon-phoenix pattern,bird-tail pattern,and beast-face pattern decorated on the top of the helmet,which are found in these two types of Nuo Masks,can also be traced back to the beast-head comb,high comb,sun pattern,bird pattern,Hui-shaped pattern,etc. in the bronze jade human-face figures excavated in Sanxingdui and relevant ancient archives. By a comparison of a large number of proptosis Nuo masks and the extruding eyed masks excavated in Sanxingdui,it can be concluded that,the Nuo during the Shang-zhou period,no matter aulic or folk Nuo,the proptosis（ extruding） eyed image should be one of the main categories and characteristics of the Nuo masks. The worship of the sun-god can be attributed to the cultural connotation of the proptosis pattern of Chinese Nuo masks,and this is also one of the important cultural connotations of Chinese Nuo culture.
作者
曾志巩
Zeng Zhigong(China Society of Nuo Opera Studies,Nanfeng,Jiangxi,344500)
出处
《民族艺术研究》
2018年第3期52-68,共17页
Ethnic Art Studies
关键词
中国傩面具
凸目造型
太阳神崇拜
文化内涵
Chinese Nuo masks
proptosis pattern
the sun -god worship
cultural connotation
