摘要
Income gaps in China kept widening over the past four decades of economic transition. First, this paper describes the change in income gaps before and after reform and opening-up in 1978 and found that income gaps had been expanding between urban and rural areas, within cities and within the countryside. However, this did not lead to income polarization since low-income groups only had a slower income growth compared with highincome groups. The number of poor people continuously reduced thanks to rapid economic growth. Over the past decade, the widening of income gaps has been initially curbed. Accordingly, we explained the impact of economic transition on income distribution from the perspectives of market-based distribution, ownership structure, opening-up and internal income distribution. Lastly, this paper provides an in-depth analysis on urban-rural income gaps, excessive compensation in monopolistic sectors and income inequalities arising from corruption. To address these problems, it is important to enhance tax regulation, increase transfer payments to poor people, improve social security, equalize public services, enhance poverty relief and develop a fairer income distribution system.
中国经济转型的四十年间,收入差距不断扩大。对此,本文首先描述了中国改革前与转型期收入差距的变化过程,发现前三十年城乡之间、城镇内部和农村内部收入差距都在全方位扩大,但这并不是一种两极分化,只是低收入人群收入增长的幅度小于高收入人群,而且在高速经济增长的带动下贫困人口数量不断减少;而在过去近十年中,这种收入差距的扩大趋势得到了初步遏制。为此,我们从市场化分配机制、所有制结构、对外开放及公共部门内部收入分配制度等视角阐释了经济转型对收入分配格局变化的影响。最后,本文深入剖析了当下较高的城乡之间收入差距、垄断行业收入过高及腐败带来的收入不公等问题,因此,亟需提高税收调节力度,增加对贫困人口的转移支付力度,完善社会保障制度,落实公共服务均等化,加大扶贫力度,从而推进完善公平的收入分配制度。
