摘要
领事裁判权与治外法权最大的区别在于强制单向与自愿双向以及适用主体的区别,即使领事裁判权由强制单向转为自愿双向,仍旧存在侵犯主权的可能性。主要原因在于后者的适用主体仅为一小部分代表国家意志者,然该特权中绝对豁免权的存在显然与自然法中平等原则背离。满族入关与领事裁判权设立的背景不同,政权变化状况也不同,政权更迭对主权不构成侵犯,但一国在另一国境内设立领事裁判权则不具备合法性。领事裁判权虽严重侵犯中国主权,但他并不是晚清法制改革的根本原因与目的,仅是手段。
The biggest difference between consular jurisdiction and extraterritoriality lies in the difference between mandatory one-way and voluntary two-way and applicable subject.Even if consular jurisdiction changes,there is still the possibility of violating the sovereignty for the latter applies to the will of the state.However,the existence of absolute immunity in this privilege apparently departs from the principle of equality in natural law.Manchu entry and consular jurisdiction set up in different contexts,changes in regimes are also different,regime change does not constitute a violation of sovereignty,but the establishment of consular jurisdiction in another country does not have the legitimacy.Although the consular jurisdiction is a serious violation of China＇s sovereignty,which is not the fundamental cause and purpose of the legal system reform in the law reform of Qing Dynasty,it is merely a means.
作者
谢典
XIE Dian(South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Guangdong 510006, China)
关键词
领事裁判权
治外法权
晚清修律
consular jurisdiction
extraterritoriality
law reform of Qing Dynasty
