摘要
野生动物行为节律常常是其对环境变化的一种行为适应。黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)越冬期会利用固定夜栖地,形成每天早晨飞出觅食,傍晚飞回夜栖的固定行为模式。为探索这一固定行为模式在越冬不同时期的变化及其影响因素,利用瞬时扫描法对草海湿地全部7个固定夜栖地的黑颈鹤飞出和飞回夜栖地准确时间及飞出之前和飞回之后在夜栖地的行为节律进行了观察。并且保证越冬前期(11月9日至12月31日)、中期(1月1日至2月21)和后期(2月22日至3月31日)3个阶段的调查时间分别不低于15 d。结果表明,越冬不同时期黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地时间差异极显著(F=23.38,P<0.01),飞回夜栖地时间存在显著性差异(F=3.51,P<0.05)。整个越冬期,黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地时间在中期延后,而到后期则更为提前,越冬前期、中期和后期飞出夜栖地的平均时间分别为7:34时、7:40时和7:13时;而飞回夜栖地时间逐渐延后,平均时间由前期的17:12时,至中期的17:40时和后期的18:15时。黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地之前的行为在越冬前期、中期和后期差异极显著(F=1 768.25,df=12,P<0.01),飞回夜栖地之后的行为在前期、中期和后期差异亦极显著(F=793.98,df=12,P<0.01)。越冬前期、中期和后期,黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地之前的行为与飞回夜栖地之后的行为均差异极显著(前期F=2 723.16,df=6,P<0.01;中期F=1 979.48,df=6,P<0.01;后期F=5 098.18,df=6,P<0.01)。黑颈鹤在飞出夜栖地前的80 min内,其行为以保养(34.32%)和休息(32.38%)为主;而飞回夜栖地后的90 min内,以觅食(43.04%)和休息(23.68%)为主。飞出时刻与日出时刻呈显著强相关(r=0.832,n=48,P<0.01),飞回时刻与日落时刻呈弱相关(r=0.353,n=47,P<0.01)。日出时间与黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地的时间的差值(Y1)受飞离时的空气湿度(W)影响,二者成反比,Y1=0.469﹣0.625W,P<0.05。黑颈鹤飞回夜栖地时刻与日落时刻的差值(Y2)受当天平均温度(T)的影响较为�
Time budget and behavioral rhythm of animals can be regarded as a kind of behavioral adaptation to environmental conditions. The Black-necked Crane （Grus nigricollis） use fixed roosting sites during overwintering periods and have a daily behavioral pattern of flying out from the roosting sites in the morning to forage and flying back in the evening to roost. To explore the time budget and factors influencing this behavior during different periods of winter, a field study by means of instantaneous scan sampling was conducted on the flight and behavior patterns of Black-necked Cranes at seven roosting sites at the Caohai wetland. The field observations were conducted in the whole winter, which divided into three periods： early winter （Nov. 9﹣Dec. 31）, mid-winter （Jan. 1﹣Feb. 21） and late winter （Feb. 22﹣Mar. 31）. Based on the known behavioral spectrum of Black-necked Cranes and previous observation results （Li et al. 2005）, crane behavior at roosting sites before the morning departure and after the evening return was classified into 8 categories and 14 types （Table 1）. One-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） was used to test the time differences of the daily departure and return flights between three periods of winter. The results showed that both departure and return times were significantly different between the three periods. Compared with early winter, the departure time from roosting sites was delayed in middle winter and advanced in late winter （mean times： 7：34, 7：40, and 7：13 in the morning）, while the return time to roosting sites became gradually later throughout the winter （from 17：12 to 18：15 in the late afternoon） （Fig. 2）. A Chi-square R × C table test was used to compare patterns of the departure and return times from roosting sites as well as the behavioral differences before departure and after return between different periods of winter. There was a significant difference of the behavior before departure among early, mid, and late winter （
作者
孙喜娇
张明明
Hannah Larson
胡灿实
粟海军
SUN Xi-Jiao1 ZHANG Ming-Ming1 Hannah LARSON2 HU Can-Shi1 SU Hai-Juno1(1Research Center for Biodiversity andNature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; 2Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, US)
出处
《动物学杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2018年第2期180-190,共11页
Chinese Journal of Zoology
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(No.31400353)
贵州省重大科技专项(黔科合重大专项字[2016]3022-1号)
贵州省教育厅自然科学研究项目(黔教合KY字[2015]354号)
贵州省留学人员科技创新项目(黔人项目资助合同[2016]18号)
贵州省科技厅与贵州大学联合基金项目(黔科合LH字[2014]7682)
关键词
黑颈鹤
越冬期
夜栖地
行为节律
草海
Black-necked Crane, Grus nigricollis
Wintering period
Roosting site
Activity rhythm
Caohai
