摘要
针对华北平原地区冬小麦水肥利用效率低且造成一定的面源污染问题,研究了滴灌施肥灌溉对冬小麦生长、产量及其构成要素、耗水量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率和土壤养分分布的影响。结果表明:滴灌施肥灌溉条件下,2013—2014、2014—2015和2015—2016年冬小麦平均产量为7 120.5 kg/hm2,相比当地产量(6 000 kg/hm2)提高了18.7%,冬小麦穗粒数和千粒质量表现较好,千粒质量平均提高了4.3 g。2013—2014、2014—2015和2015—2016年冬小麦全生育期耗水量平均为387.9 mm。播种期-拔节期降水量占阶段耗水量的比例最大(52%),拔节期-抽穗期灌水量所占比例最大(78%),而抽穗期-收获期土壤储水量的消耗量所占比例最大(54%)。3年度冬小麦全生育期耗水量各组成所占比例表现为:灌水量所占比例最大,为49%,其次是土体储水量的消耗量,占总耗水量的25%,降水量占总耗水量的24%,地下水补给量占总耗水量的比例最小,仅2%。冬小麦水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别为1.8、3.9 kg/m3,相比地面灌溉分别提高了38%、95%。养分主要分布在根区0~40 cm土层内,养分利用率高,养分淋失少。因此,华北平原地区控失肥作为底肥,采用滴灌施肥灌溉进行随水追肥,当施肥量为当地施肥量的70%时,可提高冬小麦产量18.7%,穗粒数和千粒质量表现较好。此外,滴灌施肥灌溉可节水36%,节肥30%,提高灌溉水利用效率95%,提高水分利用效率38%。
Aiming at the low efficiency of water and fertilizer in winter wheat which caused non-point source pollution in North China Plain,the objective of this experiment was to study the effects of drip fertigation on winter wheat growth,grain yield,water consumption,water use efficiency and nutrient distribution,and provide scientific basis and technical support for the application and extension of drip fertigation. Field experiments were conducted in 2013—2014,2014—2015 and 2015—2016 three successive winter wheat growing seasons. Under drip fertigation,the fertilizer amount of fertigation was70% of local fertilizer amount,and the soil matric potential at 0. 2 m depth for winter wheat was controlled higher than-40 k Pa. Results showed that under drip fertigation in winter wheat growing seasons in North China Plain,the average yield of winter wheat in 2013—2014,2014—2015 and 2015—2016 was 7 120. 5 kg/hm2,which was increased by 18. 7%. The thousand kernel weight of winter wheat was increased by 4. 3 g averagely. The average water consumption was 387. 9 mm. Precipitation was the highest proportion of total water consumption,accounting for 52% in sowing to jointing stage,irrigation was the highest proportion（ 78%） in jointing to heading stage,while the soil water depletion was the highest（ 54%） in heading to harvest stage. In three winter wheat growing seasons,the percentage ofdifferent water sources in total water consumption showed that irrigation amount was the largest proportion（ 49%）,the soil water consumption and precipitation accounted for 25% and 24%,the groundwater supplementary amount was the lowest, only 2%. Under drip fertigation, water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency for winter wheat was 1. 8 kg/m3 and 3. 9 kg/m3,which were increased by38% and 95%,respectively compared with surface irrigation. The nutrient mainly distributed in 0 ~ 40 cm layers with high nutrient efficiency and low nutrient leaching. In North China Plain,when the fertilizer amount of fertigation was 7
出处
《农业机械学报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2018年第2期269-276,共8页
Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery
基金
"十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD05B02
2014BAD12B05
2013BAD05B08)
