摘要
宋代前期,民户为逃避职役重难,采取私自雇人代应州县役之法,朝廷对此屡禁不止。熙丰行雇役法后,以往的私雇代役人转换成为官雇役人,人数与专业性都得到发展。元祐时期朝廷试图恢复职役轮差之法,但承认私雇代役,于是州县役的代役人通过转换官雇、私雇,长期留于州县,渐与胥吏混同,使得衙前与州县役不再成为乡户之困,而乡役给民户带来的负担却随之突显,私雇代役现象遂有下移至乡役之势。至南宋时期,乡役雇值全被挪用,朝廷亦无法禁绝民户私下雇人代应保甲乡役,私雇代役由此成为南宋民户应对职役困苦的另一途径,且向义役渗透,这成为南宋官府安排职役时不得不考虑的重要因素,也成为后代职役雇役化的经验来源。
Rural landowning households in the early Song Dynasty hired someone more experienced to handle their local service duties so that they could fend off these ruinous government obligations. The private hired volunteers joined the govern- ment hired services system, and became more skillful and substantial in the Shen -zong＇ s reign. During the Yuanyou period, volunteers retained their jobs in the County and Prefectural Yamen by switching between government hirelings and private hired personnel, and became petty officials afterward. In the meantime, the principal village positions became prominently among the villagers＇ burdens, which made the private hired village service became more common. In South Song Dynasty, the private hired services developed so rapidly that the court was forced to acquiesce in it.
出处
《安徽史学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第6期62-69,共8页
Historical Research In Anhui
关键词
职役
代役
免役法
义役
government service
hired services
the service exemption policy
the charitable service system
