摘要
【目的】针对过量施磷问题,定位研究日光温室蔬菜生产磷肥减施潜力,明确适宜施磷范围。【方法】以北方温室蔬菜主栽种类黄瓜和番茄为研究对象,采用冬春茬黄瓜-秋冬茬番茄种植模式,在基础土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)40.2 mg·kg^(-1)下,设计不施磷肥(P0)、减量施磷(P1)和农民常规施磷量(P2)3个磷肥用量水平。P0、P1、P2处理对应黄瓜单季施磷肥(P_2O_5)0、300、675 kg·hm^(-2),番茄单季施磷肥(P_2O_5)0、225、675 kg·hm^(-2)。3年6季定位研究蔬菜生产磷素盈亏、土壤有效磷供应与迁移,分析产量变化,推荐合理施磷范围。【结果】(1)农民常规施磷量年盈余磷480.0 kg P·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),每盈余磷100 kg P·hm^(-2)主根区0—20 cm土层Olsen-P增加2.7mg·kg^(-1),3年0—20 cm土层Olsen-P平均含量70.2 mg·kg^(-1),2010年番茄季0—20 cm土层磷素饱和度(DPSM3)为80%,磷素土壤深层迁移明显。(2)减量施磷较农民常规磷量下降61.1%,3年磷素盈余量下降71.0%—77.3%,0—20 cm土层Olsen-P含量下降18.6%—43.5%,3年均值为49.3 mg·kg^(-1),接近瓜果类蔬菜Olsen-P农学阈值,关键生育期磷素吸收量无显著变化,产量保持在中高水平不降低;经过3年种植,0—20 cm土层DPSM3下降21个百分点,20—60 cm土层Olsen-P平均含量下降9.3%—30.1%,减施磷肥有效缓解了土壤磷素深层迁移。(3)不施磷肥导致土壤磷素亏缺,蔬菜从土壤中每攫取磷100 kg P·hm^(-2),P0处理0—20 cm土层Olsen-P含量下降3.4 mg·kg^(-1),3年0—20 cm土层Olsen-P平均含量30.5 mg·kg^(-1),虽产量没有显著降低,但是2008年番茄高产下(140 t·hm^(-2))磷素吸收量较P1、P2处理下降19.8%—30.0%,产量呈降低趋势。(4)依据上述推荐:土壤有效磷含量≥40 mg·kg^(-1)的温室,冬春茬黄瓜产量水平170 t·hm^(-2)下施用P_2O_5不宜超过300 kg·hm^(-2),秋冬茬番茄产量水平100 t·hm^(-2)下施用P_2O_5不宜超过225 kg·hm^(-2)。【结论】华北平原温室蔬菜生产减施
[Objective]Excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer is commonly observed in vegetable production in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of phosphorus fertilization reduction in vegetable production and recommend appropriate phosphorus rates for cucumber and tomato.[Method]Cucumber and tomato were widely cultivated in North China, and thus were taken as the research objects. In this study, cropping model was the winter-spring cucumber and autumn-winter tomato double cropping system. The basic Olsen-P level was 40.2 mg·kg^（-1）. Three treatments were designed in this experiment, including a non-phosphorus control（P0）, a reduced phosphorus rate（P1） and a farmers＇ conventional phosphorus rate（P2）. In cucumber season, the amounts of P_2O_5 applied in P0, P1 and P2 treatments were 0, 300, 675 kg·hm^（-2）, respectively. The corresponding phosphorus amounts in the tomato season were P_2O_5 0, 225, 675 kg·hm^（-2）, respectively. The apparent phosphorus balances, soil phosphorus availability and movement and yield changes among 3 years were collected and analyzed to find out the appropriate phosphorus rates.[Result]（1） Phosphorus surplus was P 480.0 kg·hm^（-2）·a-1 and the average Olsen-P content in 0-20 cm soil was 70.2 mg·kg^（-1） in P2 treatment during 3 years. Due to the surplus application, the Olsen-P in 0-20 cm soil increased by 2.7 mg·kg^（-1） when phosphorus surplus increased by P 100 kg·hm^（-2）. The DPSM3 was 80% at 0-20 cm depth in P2 treatment and phosphorus leached obviously to deeper soil.（2） Compared to P2 treatment, the phosphorus application rate decreased by 61.1% and the phosphorus surplus among 3 years reduced by 71.0%-77.3% in P1 treatment; the Olsen-P contents decreased by 18.6%-43.5% with the average of 49.3 mg·kg^（-1） among 3 years, which was close to the critical value of the fruit vegetable production; the average of Olsen-P content decreased by 9.3%-30.1% at 20-60 cm soil depth, and the DPSM3 decreased by
作者
李若楠
武雪萍
张彦才
王丽英
翟凤芝
陈丽莉
史建硕
徐强胜
黄绍文
LI RuoNan;WU XuePing;ZHANG YanCai;WANG LiYing;ZHAI FengZhi;CHEN LiLi;SHI JianShuo;XU QiangSheng;HUANG ShaoWen(Instttute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Beijing 100081;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第20期3944-3952,共9页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0201001)
国家科技支撑计划课题(2015BAD22B03)
"863"计划(2013AA102901)
国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203077)
河北省农林科学院科学技术研究与发展计划(A2015130101)
河北省农林科学院农业资源高效利用与绿色增长创新团队项目(F17R01)
关键词
温室蔬菜
减量施磷
土壤有效磷
磷素盈亏
产量
greenhouse vegetable
reducing phosphorus rate
soil available phosphorus
phosphorus balance
yield
