摘要
在过去几十年里,美国的非常规就业与全球非常规就业同步增长。逐本溯源,导致非常规就业增长的最根本原因是科技进步和经济全球化带来的就业方式的变化。与此同时,制度改革也发挥了重要影响。在美国的社会保障体系和社会福利制度改革过程中,整体的社会福利改革更加侧重于"削减"而不是"调整",改革没有使社会保障体系更加适应新的就业方式,进而更好地为劳动者提供保障以应对新的生产方式下的社会风险。因此,这些改革措施不仅使一些目标人群(如低收入的单身母亲)加入了非常规就业行列,而且人数不断增加的非常规就业的劳动者更多地暴露在市场风险之中,他们的社会权益缺乏保护、生活状况恶化的趋势也逐步呈现。未来,如何能够在加强劳动力市场的灵活性、刺激就业的同时为非常规就业者提供更好的社会保障以抵御市场风险,将是美国社会政策改革面临的重要挑战。
In the past decades,the non-standard forms of employment have been increasing in the USA. It is widely accepted that technological advancement and economic globalization are the driving forces for this growth. Meanwhile the reforms in the fields of labour market regulations and social welfare have also work with the forces. In the U. S.,the welfare reform intends to improve financial sustainability by cutting down welfare dependence,and fostering labour market participation. The measures taken,however,did not lead to a structural reform that would provide better social protection for those non-standard workers in the changed social-economic environment.On the contrary,a significant part of the targeted group has been turned into non-standard workers and,as a result,their living standards have fallen.How to increase labour market flexibility,to foster labour market participation,and simultaneously to provide better social protection against varioussocial risks in a changing socio-economic context would be a challenge for U.S. social policy in the future.
出处
《美国研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第4期76-90,共15页
The Chinese Journal of American Studies
