摘要
战争是赤裸裸的暴力对抗,是一个武装集团对另一个武装集团的暴烈行动。战争有其固有的能动逻辑,会深刻影响乃至重新塑造投身其中的一切人物和集团。在性质、时间和烈度上均属希腊世界史无前例的伯罗奔尼撒战争通过引发失控、刺激爱欲、制造普遍恐惧和普遍怀疑,产生了一种能动的释放效应,教唆人们诉诸种种可怕的事情,那是他们在安宁和平时期以人的理性谋划永远不会或不敢考虑的。这种可怕的释放效应又因"偶然"的天灾而倍增,把雅典从一个审慎、节制的仁慈帝国蜕变为蛮横、专制的残暴帝国;把推崇自由的斯巴达蜕变为波斯强权的附庸;把典雅有致的希腊文明蜕变为野蛮恐怖的自然状态。这场由希腊人自己发动起来的超级内战,最后以完全超出任何一个希腊人想象和控制的结果,彻底变异了整个希腊。战争乃残酷之师,这是史家修昔底德真正意欲垂诸久远的历史教益。
War is a direct violent confrontation,a violent action by one armed group against another one.There exists an inherent logic,which would profoundly affect and even re-shape all the people and groups involved in a war.With an unprecedented nature,length and intensity in the ancient Greek world,the Peloponnesian War burst a dynamic release effect on the whole people by instigating chaos,stimulating eros,creating universal horror and widespread suspicion.The war encouraged people to do anything as they wish,which would never be accepted in peaceful period.Otherwise,because of the'accidental'natural disasters,the terrible release effect of war multiplied,transformed the prudent and modest Athenian Empire into an arrogant and tyrannical one,and pushed the free Sparta into a vassal state of Persian.In the end,the war ruined the elegant Greek civilization and created a new barbarism filled with terror and chaos.All in all,the Peloponnesian war,a super-civil war initiated by the Greeks themselves,broke through the imagination and control of any Greek and completely changed the whole Greece.War is a harsh teacher;this is what the historian Thucydides really wanted to show us.
出处
《世界经济与政治》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第1期98-129,共32页
World Economics and Politics
基金
"中国人民大学2016年度拔尖创新人才培育资助计划"成果
关键词
伯罗奔尼撒战争
雅典帝国的蜕变
战争的释放效应
the Peloponnesian war
the transformation of the Athenian Empire
the release effect of war
