摘要
以36名不同水平排球运动员为被试,选取发球为运动情景片段,对优秀运动员视觉搜索特征进行试验研究,同时对跳发球、跳飘球和原地飘球3种发球刺激呈现条件下的运动员视觉搜索特征进行对比,探讨发球方式对运动员视觉搜索特征的影响。结果表明:不同发球方式下,不同水平排球运动员视觉搜索特征存在明显差异。优秀运动员可根据发球方式的差异来调整视觉搜索模式,预判原地飘球时采用了注视次数少、持续时间长,眼跳距离小,注视轨迹以肩、手臂、手腕和腰注视点连接呈简单且规律的"线型"模式;预判跳飘球时注视次数增多、持续时间变短,眼跳距离变大,注视轨迹在肩、手臂、手腕、腰和球之间反复注视,形成"环型"模式;预判跳发球时注视次数最多,注视持续时间最短,眼跳距离最大,注视轨迹以球为中心向四周衍射,并反复注视肩、手臂、手腕、腰和上肢躯干部位,形成类似"锥型"的立体注视模式。预判发球落点时,运动水平在反应时和准确性上均表现出一致性的趋势,运动水平越高,反应时和准确性越好。但对跳发球而言,随着运动水平的提高,准确性应作为优秀排球运动员预期能力的主要区分标准。提示:对于训练和评价排球运动员认知加工能力不能依据单一发球方式的眼动特征进行,应综合不同发球方式下的眼动指标和行为预判探讨运动员对发球落点预判的认知加工特征。
36 different levels of volleyball players were selected as the participants, only their serves were chose as sports scenes segments, the special char- acteristics of excellent athletes＇ visual search process were studied. At the same time, the influences of their visual search process of three different types of serves - jump serve, jumping floater, and standing floater - were compared, and the affection of the different types of serve on the receivers＇ visual search were recorded. The results showed that under different service modes, there were obvious differences in visual search characteristics of volleyball players in different levels. The method of visual search was adjusted according to the different types of serves by excellent athletes. Anticipating a standing floater re- quired fewer looks, long lasting time, shorter saccade, gaze trajectories to the server＇s shoulder, forearm, wrist and waist; this process was very simple and focused, and the visual search is ＂linear.＂ Anticipating a jumping floater required more looks, shorter lasting time, longer saccade, gaze trajectories between the server＇ s shoulder, forearm, wrist, waist, and ball repeatedly, forming a type of ＂circular＂ search. Anticipating a jump serve required the most looks, the shortest lasting time, and the longest saccade, gaze trajectories to the ball as the center and expanded in four directions, continually switching between the server＇s shoulder, forearm, wrist, waist, and upper body, making a ＂conical＂ visual search. Regarding an athlete＇s ability to predict the serve placement, the athlete＇ s skill level was correlated to reaction time and accuracy ; the higher the athlete＇ s skill level, the better reaction time and accuracy. However, for the jumping floater, with the improvement of the level of movement, the accuracy should be regarded as the main criteria for the ability of the elite volleyball players.Note： the training and evaluation of volleyball players＇ mental processing ability cannot be base
作者
肖坤鹏
孙建华
张铁民
XIAO Kunpeng SUN Jianhua ZHANG Tiemin(Changehun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China Northeast Normal University, Changehun 130022, China)
出处
《天津体育学院学报》
CAS
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第4期351-357,共7页
Journal of Tianjin University of Sport
基金
教育部人文社科基金项目(项目编号:15YJC890004)
关键词
排球
发球方式
视觉搜索
预判
眼动
volleyball
type of serve
visual search
anticipation
eye movement
