摘要
"主观"与"客观"是我国刑法理论中的重要概念,但仔细考究其含义会发现,在不同语境下各有所表,常常被混为一谈。第一层次的"主观"与"客观"旨在阐明刑法处罚的基点落脚于行为人的意思还是外在行为,实质上是"行为人刑法"与"行为刑法"的对立;第二层次的"主观"与"客观"分别立足于规范与存在,实质上是"行为人标准"与"一般人标准"的对立;第三层次的"主观"与"客观"以着眼于主观认知抑或经验事实为界分,通过对比英美法系与大陆法系正当防卫、紧急避险、被害人承诺的认定标准可见一斑。英美法系的主观认定标准有利于扩大违法阻却事由的适用,避免处罚过当,但至今尚未被大陆刑法所关注,也没有发生第三层次的主观说与客观说层面的交锋。
Subject and object are important concepts in criminal law. After close study, it is found that they have different meanings and are often misused in different contexts.Subject and object on the first stage focus on whether the punishment is on the actor or the act itself. In nature, criminal laws targeting actors contradict the ones targeting acts. Subject and object on the second stage focus on difference between norms and existence and in nature, indicate standards of the actor contradict those of normal persons. Subject and object on the third stage focus on difference between the subjectiveness of the actor and the fact. By comparing standards of identifying justifiable self-defense, emergent evasion or victim＇s promise, it can be seen that the objective judicial standards of Anglo-American Legal System enlarge the scale of impediment to unlawful acts and avoid excessive punishment ,but not followed by continental legal system. The debate between subject and object on the third stage has not occurred.
作者
陈文昊
Chen Wenhao(Peking University, Beijing,100871, China)
关键词
主观
客观
正当防卫
英美法系
Subject
Object
Justifiable self-defense
Anglo-American Legal System
